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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Grows best on chocolate agar plates
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All Haemophilic Bacteria
-Egypticus -Ducreyi -Influenzae Pasteurella Multocida |
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Haemophilus Egypitcus - Infection
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Causes conjunctivitis (pink eye)
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Haemophilus Egypitcus - Treatment
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Erythromycin for the conjunctivitis
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Causes Conjunctivitis
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Haemophilus Egypitcus
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Haemophilus Ducreyi - Infection
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Painful, open, soft chancroid genital ulcers
Opportunistic because of co-infection due to AIDS or Syphilis |
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Haemophilus Ducreyi - Treatment
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Cefriaxone
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Haemophilus Ducreyi - Risky Population
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Sub-Saharan Africans
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Haemophilus Influenzae - Reservoir
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ONLY Humans
Indigenous in our throats |
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Haemophilus Influenzae - Encapsulated versues un-encapsulated forms
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Encapsulated forms causes infection, while un-encapsulated forms are dormant
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Haemophilus Influenzae - Transmission
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Respiratory
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Haemophilus Influenzae - Infections
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Acute epiglotitis
Otitis media Sinus Infections Purulent meningitis NOT the FLU |
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What causes soft chancroid genital ulcers
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Haemophilis Ducreyi
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Purulent Meningitis causes by Haemophilus Influenzae
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Caused by Serotype B
Associated in Risky population of children, 6mo-5yrs Treated with Cefriaxone |
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Haemophilus Influenzae - Serotype B
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Most dangerous form
Causes purulent meningitis Has Polyribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule |
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Treatment of Otitis media caused by Haemophilus Influenzae
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Ampicillin, Bactrim, Sulfa drugs
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Treatment of purulent meningitis caused by Haemophilus Influenzae
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Cefriaxone
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Prevention of Purulent meningitis caused by Haemophilus Influenzae
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Rifampin prophylaxis because it is secreted in saliva killing virus in throat
Hlb vaccine against B-serotype that is conjugated with Tetanus so that child can launch a better immune response towards the polysaccharide found in the PRP capsule of Haemophilus Influenzae |
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Bordatella Pertussis - Lab growth
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Grows on Bordet Gengou medium which contains
20% blood (instead of 5%) Potato extract 3 ABX |
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What grows on Bordet-Gengou medium?
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Bordatella Pertussis
It is 20% blood Potato extract 3ABX |
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Bordatella Pertussis - Phase 1
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Most virulent form of the capsule
Causes the worst cases of whooping cough |
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Bordatella Pertussis - Virulent factors
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Pili
Capsule Pertussin toxin |
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Pertussin toxin
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Produced by Bordatella Pertussis
AB exotoxin Activates Adenyly Cyclase to increase c-AMP production leading to water loss increase the mucous output. |
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Bordatella Pertussis - Reservoir
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ONLY Humans
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Bordatella Pertussis - Infection
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Whooping Cough/Pertussis
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Stages of Whooping Cough
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1. Catharrhal stage: Similar to common cold and most likely stage to transmit infection
2. Spasmotic (paroxysmal) stage: Sudden bursts of violent cough and noisy inspiration 3. Convalescence stage: Relapses of infection that cannot be treated with ABX because toxins already doing damage |
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Bordatella Pertussis - Treatment
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Erythromycin for Whooping Cough
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Bordatella Pertussis - Prevention
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DPT Vaccine
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Type of Bacteria - Haemophilics
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Gram -
Aerobic Includes: Egypticus Ducreyi Influenzae Bordatella Pertussis |
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Type of Bacteria - Neisseriae
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Gram -
Aerobic Capnophilic Non-motile Kidney shaped diplococci |
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Neisseria gonorrhea vs Neisseria meningitis
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Neisseria gonorrhea:
Ferments glucose Pilli Neisseria meningitis: Ferments glucose AND maltose Pilli AND Capsule |
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Neisseria gonorrhea - Lab tests
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Ferments glucose but not maltose
Oxidase + (turns reagent from clear to purple) |
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Neisseria meningitis - Lab tests
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Ferments glucose but AND maltose (unlike Neisseria gonorrhea which only does glucose)
Oxidase + (turns reagent from clear to purple) |
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Neisseria gonorrhea - Virulence factors
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Pilli
Lipooligosaccharide endotoxin (LOS instead of LPS) No Capsule (unlike Neisseria meningitis) |
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Neisseria meningitis - VIrulence Factors
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Pilli
Capsule (unlike Neisseria gonorrhea which does not have one) Lipooligosaccharide endotoxin (LOS instead of LPS) IgA Protease |
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Neisseria gonorrhea - Reservoir
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ONLY Humans
Grows intracellularly in macrophages and PMN |
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Neisseria meningitis - Reservoir
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ONLY Humans
Grows intracellularly in macrophages and PMN Part of normal flora in throat |
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Neisseria gonorrhea - structure
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Has Lipooligosaccharide (LOS)
Has outer membrane proteins OMP 1: Porin protein OMP 2: Forms opaque colonies for adherence Pilli |
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Neisseria gonorrhea - infection
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Gonorrhea
Second most common STD |
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Gonorrhea treatment
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Treated with Ceftriaxone and doxycycline because associated with other STDS like Chlamydia (#1 most prevalent)
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Symptoms of Gonnorhea
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Mucopurulent discharge (Chlamydia is clear discharge)
Inflammation Can lead to sterility and bacteremia if untreated Urethritis in males PID and Salpingitis (fallopian tubes) in females |
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Opthalmia neoneturm
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Caused by Neisseria gonorrhea
Gonorrheal infection of newborn's eyes Transmitted through infected mother's vaginal canal during birth Drops of Silver Nitrate or Erythromycin are placed in eye to prevent infection |
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Neisseria gonorrhea - Lab growth
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Grows on Thayer Martin selective media
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What grows on Thayer Martine selective media
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Neisseria gonorrhea
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Treatment and prevention of Gonnorhea
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PPNG (plasmid encoded) strains are resistant to penicillin
Ceftriaxone in conjunction with Doxycycline to treat other STD (Chlamydia) |
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Neisseria meningitis - Virulence factors
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Capsule for anti-phagocytosis
Pili for adherence in nasopharyngeal mucosa LOS endotoxin IgA protease |
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Neisseria meningitis - Reservoir
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Indigenous in our throats
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Neisseria meningitis - Transmission
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Respiratory
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Neisseria meningitis - Infection
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Nasopharyngeal stage - similar to cold
Meningococcemia - bacteremia causing necrosis of adrenal glands and blotchy purple skin hemorrhages Meningitis - inflamed meninges covered with psu |
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Neisseria meningitis - Treatment
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Penicillin or Cephalosporins
85% fatality if left untreated |
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Neisseria meningitis - Prevention
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Vaccine that contains capsule material from Serotypes A, C, W, Y (B has no effect)
Rifampin given prophylactically |
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Type of Bacteria - Rickettsiae
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Gram -
Obligate Aerobic Pleomorphic Small |
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Rickettsiae - Lab test
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Giemsa Stain or Silver layering
Peptidoglycan layer is minimal in cell wall |
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Rickettsiae - Growth and Metabolism
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Cannot survive outside living cells because they can't make their own ATP except Coxiella Burnettii
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Rickettsiae Prowazekii - Trophism
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Lives freely in the cytoplasm of host cells after using Phospholipase A to degrade its phagosome after engulf
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Rickettsiae Rickettsii - Trophism
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Only rickettsia species that Lives in the cytoplasm AND NUCLEUS of host cells
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Coxiella burnettii - Trophism
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Prefers to infect respiratory epithelial cells
Multiplies inside the vaculous (phagolysozomes of host cells) because of production of special enzymes allowing it to survive acidic environment |
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Erlichia - Trophism
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Prefers to infect monocytes and granular WBCs
Multipies in vacuoles (phagosomes) of host cells because it inhibits the fusion of lyzosome (similar to TB) |
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Rickettsiae - Reservoir
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Arthropos and insects
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Coxiella burnettii - Reservoir
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Cattle, sheep, goats, cats
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Coxiella burnettii - Transmission
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Via inhalation of infected tick feces
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Rickettsiae Prowazekii - Infection
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Typhus
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What causes Typhys
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Rickettsiae Prowazekii
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Rickettsiae Prowazekii - Transmission
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Person-to-person
Via lice vectors |
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Rickettsiae Prowazekii - Lab diagnosis
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Immunofluorescent antibody tests to detect IgM and IgG antibodies
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Rickettsiae Prowazekii - Treatment
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ABX needs to work intracellularly
Tetracycline Macrolides Quinolones To treat typhus |
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Well-Felix cross reactivity with Proteus vulgaris
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P vulgaris and R prowazekii have similar surface antigens and therefore both give positive Well-Felix blood tests
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Rickettsiae Prowazekii - Infection
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Typhus
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What causes Typhys
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Rickettsiae Prowazekii
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Rickettsiae Prowazekii - Transmission
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Person-to-person
Via lice vectors |
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Rickettsiae Prowazekii - Lab diagnosis
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Immunofluorescent antibody tests to detect IgM and IgG antibodies
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Rickettsiae Prowazekii - Treatment
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ABX needs to work intracellularly
Tetracycline Macrolides Quinolones To treat typhus |
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Well-Felix cross reactivity with Proteus vulgaris
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P vulgaris and R prowazekii have similar surface antigens and therefore both give positive Well-Felix blood tests
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Rickettsiae Rickettsii - Infection
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Disease
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What is the most common Rickettsiae infection in the US
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever caused by Rickettsiae Rickettsii
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Rickettsiae Rickettsii - Reservoir
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Ticks
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Rickettsiae Rickettsii - Incubation
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Tick required 48hrs of attachment to transmit bacteria and for infection of Rocky Mountain SPotted fever to occur
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Symptoms of Rocky Mountain SPotted Fever
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Macopapular rash that starts on extremeties (palms and soles) then moves to trunk
CAused by Rickettsiae Rickettsii |
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Rickettsiae Rickettsii - Lab diagnosis
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Direct antigen fluorescence uses fluorescein-tagged antibodies on smear of rash
Antibody tests uses IFA or ELISA methods to detect IgM or IgG PCR |
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Rickettsiae Rickettsii - Treatment
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Tetracycline
Treat Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
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Coxiella Burnettii - Infection
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Acute Q-Fever: Atypical airway pneumonia
Antibodies made against Phase II antigen Chronic Q-Fever: more dangerous Antibodies made against Phase I antigen |
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Acute Q-Fever
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Caused by Coxiella Burnettii
Flu-like symptoms and atypical airway pneumonia HIgh levels of antibodies made against Phase II antigens Strongly antigenic |
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Chronic Q-Fever
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Caused by Coxiella Burnettii
High mortality rate High level of antibodies made against Phase I antigens Weakly antigenic |
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Coxiella Burnettii - Reservoir
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Mammals
Birds Ticks |
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Coxiella Burnettii - Transmission
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Via exposure to infected tick feces on farm animals
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Coxiella Burnettii - Treatment
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Doxycycline (Tetracycline)
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Coxiella Burnettii - Lab diagnosis
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Indirect IFA (least invasive)
H&E histological stain: (requires excision biopsy of liver to look for donut ring granuloma) Culture Dna detection test |
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Coxiella Burnettii - Cross rxns
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WIth other Rickettsiae species
With RA factor in pt with Rheumatoid arthritis with pregnant women |
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Erlichiae - Infection
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Human Monocytic Erlichiosis (HME)
Human Granulocytic Erlichiosis (HGE) Co-infected with Lyme DIsease and Bebbesia |
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Erlichiae - Reservoir
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Ticks
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Coxiella Burnettii - Reservoir
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Mammals
Birds Ticks |
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Symptoms of Human Monocytic Erlichiosis
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Caused by Erlichiae
Rash at site of tick bite High liver enzymes (mimics hepatitis) Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) |
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Coxiella Burnettii - Transmission
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Via exposure to infected tick feces on farm animals
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Erlichiae - Lab diagnosis
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Immunochemical staining using Romanowsky stain (Giemsa or Wright)
HGE cases show morulae (intracellular cluster of dividing cells within infected WBC) 60% of the time HME cases show morulae 40% of the time IFA serology (64+ antibody tite means positive) Culture |
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Coxiella Burnettii - Treatment
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Doxycycline (Tetracycline)
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Erlichiae - Treatment
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Acute cases treat with Doxycycline
Chronic cases treat with Doxycyclin and Rimfampin Treats Human Monocytic Erlichiosis |
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Coxiella Burnettii - Lab diagnosis
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Indirect IFA (least invasive)
H&E histological stain: (requires excision biopsy of liver to look for donut ring granuloma) Culture Dna detection test |
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Coxiella Burnettii - Cross rxns
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WIth other Rickettsiae species
With RA factor in pt with Rheumatoid arthritis with pregnant women |
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Erlichiae - Infection
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Human Monocytic Erlichiosis (HME)
Human Granulocytic Erlichiosis (HGE) Co-infected with Lyme DIsease and Bebbesia |
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Erlichiae - Reservoir
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Ticks
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Symptoms of Human Monocytic Erlichiosis
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Caused by Erlichiae
Rash at site of tick bite High liver enzymes (mimics hepatitis) Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) |
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Erlichiae - Lab diagnosis
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Immunochemical staining using Romanowsky stain (Giemsa or Wright)
HGE cases show morulae (intracellular cluster of dividing cells within infected WBC) 60% of the time HME cases show morulae 40% of the time IFA serology (64+ antibody tite means positive) Culture |
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Erlichiae - Treatment
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Acute cases treat with Doxycycline
Chronic cases treat with Doxycyclin and Rimfampin Treats Human Monocytic Erlichiosis |
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Erlichiae - Prevention
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Vaccine containing Phase I antigen being developed
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Rickettsiae - Virulent factors
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LPS is weakly toxic
Phospholipase-A degrades phagosome membrane to be release in host cell's cytoplasm |
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Rickettsia - Trophism
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Prefers to infect vascular endothelial cells
Causes bleeding symptoms |
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Type of Bacteria - Chlamydia
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Gram -
Obligate Intracellular parasites because lacks ATP production Smallest bacteria that grows intracellularly |
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Which species of Chlamydia has iodine staining glycogen in inclusions
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Chlamydia trachomatis
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Which species of Chlamydia has susceptibility to sulfonamides
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Chlamydia trachomatis
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What antigens contribute to Chlamydia toxic effect
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Group antigens that are heat stabile licopolysaccharides
Specific antigens found on outer membrane proteins that only some species have |
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Chlamydia - Lab ID
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Need iodine dyes and silver staining to view microscopically
FA ELISA DNA probes |
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Elementary Body
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Extracellular infectious form of Chlamydia
Attaches to microvilli of columnar epithelial host cells EB enters into cell through phagocytic vesicle and organizes into reticular body (RB) ANalogous to endospore |
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Reticular Body
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Intracellular metabolically active form of Chlamydia
It reproduces by binary fission for 18-24hrs inside the host columnar epithelial cells creating new elementary bodies |
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Inclusion Body
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Microcolony of Elementary bodies of Chlamydia located inside expanding vesicle of host cell
Seen with iodine staining only in Trachomatis species due to presence of glycogen Vesicles rupture and release EB to infect more host cells |
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Chlamydia - Trophism
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Eyes
Genitals Lungs |
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Chlamydia - Treatment
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Macrolides (erythromycin)
Tetracyline Quinolones |
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Chlamydia psittaci - Reservoir
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Infection of birds
Not transmissible to humans |
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Chlamydia psittaci - Lab ID
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Produces diffuse intracytoplasmic inclusions that LACK GLYCOGEN
Resistant to sulfonamides |
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Chlamydia trachomatis - infection
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Ocular trachoma (leads to blindness)
Non-gonococcal urethritis STD (50% associated with gonorrhea) |
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Chlamydia trachomatis - Lab ID
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Produces compact intracytoplasmic inclusions that CONTAIN GLYCOGEN
so can be seen by iodine staining Inhibited by sulfonamides |
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Chlamydia pneumoniae - Reservoir
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Airborne
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Chlamydia pneumoniae - Infection
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Causes respiratory tract disease
Coronary artery disease Pharyngitis Sinusitis of bronchitis NGU in males Urethritis, cervititis, PID |
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Chlamydia pneymoniae - Lab ID
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No glycogen
Inclusions are round and dense Resistant to sulfonamides |
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Chlamydia pneumoniae - Virulence factor
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TWAR agent
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Which serotype of Chlamydia trachomatis cause conjuctivitis
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A, B, C
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WHich serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis cause urogenital tract
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D-K
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WHich serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis cause ocular infections?
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A, B, Ba, C
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Chlamydia trachomatis - Infections
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CHronic keratoconjuctivitis
Non-gonococcocal urethritis (NGU) PID Elephantitis of penis, scrotum, vulva |
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Chronic keratoconjuctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
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Caused by serotypes A, B, Ba, C
mucopurulent discharge from eye Epithelial keratitis Leads to scarring and blindness if untreated Treat with sulfonamides, macrolides, quinolones |
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Non-gonococcal urethritis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
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Clear discharge from penis
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Ophthalmia neonatorum caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
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Vertical transmission of Chlamydia after delivery through vaginal canal
1% Silver Nitrate does not work Need Tetracycline or Erythromycin |
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Respiratory tract infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
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Serotypes D-K and B, Ba
Symptoms: Paroxysmal cough Tachypnea Eosinophilia NO FEVER Treat with Erythromycin |
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Lymphogranuloma venereum
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CAused by Chlamydia trachomatis
Serotypes L1, L2, L2a, L3 STD caused by suppurative inguinal lyphadenopathy |
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Type of Bacteria - Mycoplasma
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Smallest organism capable of extracellular growth
Pleiomorphic No cell wall (No MUREIN) Requires STEROLS for growth Fried egg-appearance |
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Mycoplasma - Reservoir
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Ubiquitous
Found in soils Can live in extreme environments |
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Mycoplasma - Lab Growth
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Usually requires Tri-phasic Medium with THallium Acetate
(Contains liquid, agar, CO2 gas) Phenyl red agar turns yellow orange if successful growth Fried egg-appearance |
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What grows on Triphasic Medium with Thallium Acetate
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Mycoplasma
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Which bacteria has colonies that resemble fried eggs?
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Mycoplasma
-Hominis -Pneumoniae |
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Mycoplasma Pneumoniae - infection
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Primary Atypical pneumonia
Affects only mucosa of respiratory airways rather than lungs May cause mild hemolytic anemia due to production of IgM antibody |
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Bacteria that can cause Primary Aytpical Pneumonia
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Coxiella burnettii (Rickettsia) |
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Bacteria that can causes NGU
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Mycoplasma hominis
Mycoplasma genitalium Ureaplasma Urealyticum (Mycoplasma) Chlamydia Trachomatis Chlamydia Pneumoniae (?) |
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Mycoplasma Pneumoniae - Transmission
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Aerosol droplets from P-2-P
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Mycoplasma Pneumoniae - Virulence
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Adhesin protein P1: binds to glycoprotein receptors on epi cells located at base of cilia causing immoblization of cilia
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Adhesin protein P1
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Found on Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
Binds to glycoprotein receptors located at the base of ciliated epithelial cells Causes immobolization of cilia leading to accumulation of mucus Simulates release fo TNF, IL1, IL6 |
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Mycoplasma Pneumoniae - Lab diagonosis
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ELISA to detect IgM and IgG titers
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Mycoplasma Pneumoniae - Treatment
|
Macrolides like Erythromycin, zithromycine, clarithromycine
tetracycline Quinolones ALl of these drugs work intracellularly Treats primary atypical pneumonia |
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Mycoplasmahominis - Reservoir
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Genitourinary tract
Oral cavity CNS of newborns |
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Mycoplasmahominis - infection
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Primary affects genitourinary tract
PID spontaneous abortions |
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Mycoplasmahominis - Transmission
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sexual contact
vertical transmission via birth canal |
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Ureaplasma Urealyticum - infection
|
non-gonococcal urethritis in males
PID in females |
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Ureaplasma Urealyticum - Lab ID
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requires urea to growth
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Ureaplasma Urealyticum - Transmission
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Sexual contact
Vertical transmission via birth canal |
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Mycoplasma genitalium - Infection
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Non-gonococcal urethritis in males
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Type of bacteria - Legionella
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Gram -
Pleomorphic Bacillus Most infections caused by serotype 1 and 6 Can survive temps up 65*C |
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Legionella - Lab ID
|
Diesterle silver stain
Cystein and iron required for growth on special agar with buffered charcoal yeast extract Not killed by Chlorine |
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What grows on special agar with buffered charcoal yeast extract
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Legionella
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Legionella - Reservoir
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No animal reservoir
Ubiquitous in warm, moist environments Lives intracellularly in other microorganisms like algae, amoeba, macrophages |
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Legionella - Transmission
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Not P-2-P
Not via animal vectors |
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Legionella - Infection
|
Serotypes 1 and 6 most likely to cause infections
Legionnaire's disease is true lobar pneumonia Pontiac fever is transient flu symptoms |
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Legionella - pathogenesis
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Bacteria binds to CR1 and CR3 receptors on phagocytes leading to endocytosis
Multiplies inside the cell because inhibits the fusion of lysozome Bacteria kills host by producing destructive enzymrs Immunity against it is cell mediated (humoral/antibodies are useless) |
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Legionella - Lab diagnosis
|
Test for antigens in urine
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Legionella - Treatment
|
Erythromycin
Rifampin Fluoroquinolones |
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Legionella - Prevention
|
terminal hyperchlorination to reduce bacterial burden
Heating of water at 70*C for 1 hour |
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Type of Bacteria - Spirochetes
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Gram -
Long, thin corkscrews Some Aerobic, Some anaerobic Flexible cell wall Transverse fission Endoflagellation |
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Which bacteria reproduces through transverse fission
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Spirochetes
Divides along its long axis (not binary fission) |
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Endoflagellation
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Flagella of Spirochetes that stay inside the cell within periplasm space
Allows bacteria to spin and bore their way into tissues |
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Treponema pallidum - Infection
|
Spirochetes
Causes syphilis |
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Type of bacteria - Treponema pallidum
|
Spirochetes
Strict ANAEROBES Sensitive to environmental conditions such as cold, head, and dessication |
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Treponema pallidum - lab ID
|
Silver treatment
Darkfield microscopy grown in testes of rabbits because difficult to culture |
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Treponema pallidum - Serologic testing
|
Reagin test: looks for Reagin molecule in serum that acts like non-specific antibody
Reagin titers decrease as syphilis infection resolves Not specific giving false positive results because reagin can be created due to tissue damage from another disease Cardiolipin is used to bind to reagin in the test |
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Reagin
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Body makes it in response to tissue damage caused by Treponema pallidum
Bacterial proteins bind to lipids of destroyed tissue to form a complex which reagin is made against acting like an antibody |
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What occurs to Reagin titers as syphilis infection resolves?
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They decrease
Therefore good to use if you want to know if treatment is working |
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Acquired Syphilis Infection - Reservoir
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Caused by Treponema pallidum
Only humans |
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Treponema pallidum - Transmission
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Direct contact with 1* and 2* lesions
Sexual contact transplacental route - only after 5th month of pregnancy |
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Primary stage of acquired syphilis
|
Symptoms:
Hard chancre lesion Well-circumscribed Painless High infectious Avascular (looks white than red) |
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Secondary stage of acquired syphilis
|
Imitates alot of other diseases
Symptoms: Condylomata lata (diffuse moist rash in genitals or other places) |
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Tertiary stage of acquired syphilis
|
Symptoms:
Non contagious gummas Very destructive, massive granulomatous tumor like lesions |
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Congenital syphilis - treatment
|
Treat mother with Penicillin before 5th month of pregnancy
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Acquired syphilis - treatment
|
Caused by Treponema pallidum
GIve IM dose of penicillin during 1st or 2nd stage of syphilis If allergic to penicillin, use erythromycin |
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Herxhelmer rxn
|
FLu-like symptoms in response ot massive release of endotoxins when Treponema pallidum is treated with Penicillin
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Borrelia Burgedorferi - Lab diagnosis
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Giemsa stain
Easily grown in serum-enriched media (unlike T-Palladium) PCR most definitive diagnositic test |
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Borrelia Burgedorferi - Virulence
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No endotoxins or exotoxins
Endoflagellation |
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Borrelia Burgedorferi - Infection
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Spirochete that causes Lyme disease
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Borrelia Burgedorferi - Reservoir
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White footed mice
White tailed deer |
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Borrelia Burgedorferi - Transmission
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Bitten by arthropods like deer ticks called brodes demmini
Tick must remain attached for 48hrs to transmit lyme disease Not transmissible P-2-P |
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Borrelia Burgedorferi - Treatment
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Penicillin, AMoxicillin, Doxycycline
Treats lyme disease |
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Primary stage of Lyme disease
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Causes by Borrelia Burgedorferi
Characterized by erythema chronicum migrans rash (bulls eye target) Fever, body aches, malaise |
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Secondary stage of lyme disease
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Caused by Borrelia Burgedorferi
Cardiac involvement Neurological impariment like Bells Palsy |
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Tertiary stage of lyme disease
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Caused by Borrelia Burgedorferi
Spirochetes are absent at this stage so cannot be cultured Neurologic impairment Arthritis because of inflammatory response to peptidoglycans in cell wall of spirochetes |
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Borrelia recurrentis - Infection
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Spirochete
Relapsing fever Due to switching of surface antigens |
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Borrelia recurrentis - Reservoir
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Rodents
Squirrels |
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Borrelia recurrentis - Transmission
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Arthropod vectors
Ticks transmit endemic from animal to human Lice transmit epidemic disease from human to human |
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Leptospira Interrogens - Infection
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Spirochetes
Leptospirosis |
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Leptospira Interrogens - REservoir
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Spirochetes
Disease primarily of dogs |
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Leptospira Interrogens - Transmission
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Spirochete transmitted via contact with dog urine or feces
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Leptospira Interrogens - SYmptoms
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Liver and kidney disease of spirochete enters bloodstream
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Type of bacteria - Pasteurella Multocida
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Gram -
Non-motile Facultative ANAEROBIC Prefers some CO2 Coccobacilli Bipolar condensed red coloration (stain) Mucoid Glistening grey colonies |
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Pasteurella Multocida - Lab ID
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Cannot grow on MacConkey's Agar or EMB
Grows well on Chocolate agar Mucoid glistening grey colonies Oxidase + Catalase + Indole + (mousey odor like E-coli) Nitrate --> Nitrite Non-hemolytic |
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What bacteria cannot grow on MacConkey's Agar?
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Pasteurella Multocida
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Pasteurella Multocida - Virulence
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Capsule
Adherence Neuraminadases to cleave terminal residues of the glcoprotein Sialic Acid PMT toxin stimulates the release of IL6 |
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Pasteurella Multocida - Reservoir
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Normal flora of dog, cats in saliva and paws
NOT HUMANS |
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What is the most common Pasteurella Multocida infection
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Local wounds ssociated with animal bites or scratches
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Pasteurella Multocida - Infections
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Minor wound that never seems to heal
Respiratory tract infections like sinusitis, tonsillitis, ear infections Bartholin gland and lower UTI infections due to catheters Bacterimia (rare0 Endocarditis (rare) Meningitis (rare) |
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Pasteurella Multocida - Treatment
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Penicillin
Cephalosporin Tetracycline and chloramphenicol can also be used Resistant to macrolides (erythromycin), aminoglycosides (gentamycin, tobramycin), Vancomycin and Clindamycin |
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Pseudomonas Aeruginosa - Lab ID
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Produces pigement called pyocyanin
Creates green, yellow, blue color Only grows on Hugh Leafson Media with D-glucose, D-ribose, and Gluconate Oxidase + |
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Pseudomonas Aeruginosa - Metabolism
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Can only utilize glucose oxidatively
Can grow only on a few sugars like: D-glucose D-ribose Gluconate |
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Pseudomonas Aeruginosa - Virulence
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Mucoid capsule
Pilli Flagella Destructive enzymes LPS Endotoxin Exotoxin-A that inhibits elongation factor that inhibits protein synthesis |
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What grows on Hugh-Leafson Media
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Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
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Pseudomonas Aeruginosa - Reservoir
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Ubiquitous in nature
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Pseudomonas Aeruginosa - Infections
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Burn sepsis
Bacteremia Pneuomina & Pulmonary infections Endocarditis |
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Pseudomonas Aeruginosa - Treatment
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Colistin (Polymyxin-B)
Last rest because of side effects Penicillin Beta-lactams Amnioglycosides Carbapenems Quinolones |
