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133 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Define microbiota (microbiome) |
- all of the microbes (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists) on and in the human body - have colonized the body |
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What are the three steps pathogens need to take to cause disease? |
1. Colonization 2. Infection 3. Disease |
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Define colonization |
Establishment of pathogen presence |
Establishment of pathogen presence |
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Define infection |
Competition between pathogen and host |
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Define disease |
- Any change from the state of good health - infectious when pathogen/immune system causes damage to tissues and organs |
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Describe the barrier effact of normal microbiota. |
- forms protective barrier - inhibitors block pathogen growth and colonization |
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Describe what happens to the barrier effect with damaged microbiota. |
- Barrier broken down, sometimes by antibiotics - colonization to infection to disease |
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Describe the symbiotic relationship mutualism. |
Both host and microbe benefit Ex. Escherichia coli |
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Describe the symbiotic relationship commensalism |
Only the microbe benefits; host is unharmed Ex. Micrococcus luteus |
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Describe the symbiotic relationship parasitism |
Only the pathogen benefits; host harmed Ex. Vibrio cholerae, plasmodium |
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Define probiotics |
Contain bacteria that helped establish good gut health |
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Define prebiotic |
Contain carbohydrates that stimulate good gut microbiota |
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Where are the microbiota found? |
- all areas open or connected to the environment - upper respiratory, digestive, urogenital tracts, skin surface - 100 trillion in number - other areas (liver, kidney, blood, brain) are sterile |
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How does the human microbio begin at birth? |
- Fetus is sterile until time of birth - up to 2 years to establish resident microbiota |
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Define pathogenicity |
Pathogen's ability to gain entry and cause disease |
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Define virulence |
Amount of damage caused by pathogens |
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Define virulence |
Amount of damage caused by pathogens |
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Define an opportunistic disease |
Refers to pathogenicity only when host has lowered resistance, immunocompromised |
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Define avirulent |
Microbe does not normally cause disease |
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Describe bacteremia blood involvement |
Presence of living bacterial cells in the blood, transient normal microbiota |
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Describe septicemia blood involvement |
Growth and spread of bacterial cells in the blood (systemic) faster than can be removed; spread to multiple organs |
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What is a diagnosis? |
Identification of an illness or disease in a patient through physical exam or medical tests/procedures |
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What is a primary infection? |
A disease that occurs in an otherwise healthy individual Example: the flu |
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What is a secondary infection? |
Develops in an individual that is weakened by primary infection, it is often more serious because the immune system is weekend by the primary infection Example: pneumonia develops while you have the flu |
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What is a secondary infection? |
Develops in an individual that is weakened by primary infection, it is often more serious because the immune system is weekend by the primary infection Example: pneumonia develops while you have the flu |
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Describe a local disease. |
The disease is restricted to a single area of the body, representing the focus of the infection Example: staphylococcal skin boil describe a systemic |
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Describe a systemic disease. |
The focus of infection has spread via the blood to deeper organs and systems Example: boil can spread to infect bones and heart tissue |
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Describe viremia. |
Viruses in blood-presence of non-replicating viruses in the blood spread to specific cells/tissues |
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What is the first period or phase of an infectious disease? |
- day 0 through 4 - incubation period - Time lapsing between entry of microbes into the host and appearance of first symptom |
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What is the second period or phase of an infectious disease? |
- days 4 through 6 - prodormal phase - mild signs and symptoms - clinical: clearly recognized clinical symptoms - subclinical: few obvious symptoms |
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What is the second period or phase of an infectious disease? |
- days 4 through 6 - prodormal phase - mild signs and symptoms - clinical: clearly recognized clinical symptoms - subclinical: few obvious symptoms |
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What is the third period or phase of an infectious disease? |
- day 6 to 9 - acute period - signs and symptoms are at their greatest intensity |
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What is the second period or phase of an infectious disease? |
- days 4 through 6 - prodormal phase - mild signs and symptoms - clinical: clearly recognized clinical symptoms - subclinical: few obvious symptoms |
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What is the third period or phase of an infectious disease? |
- day 6 to 9 - acute period - signs and symptoms are at their greatest intensity |
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What is the fourth period or phase of an infectious disease? |
- Day 9 to 11 - period of decline - signs and symptoms decline - often sweating occurs |
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What is the second period or phase of an infectious disease? |
- days 4 through 6 - prodormal phase - mild signs and symptoms - clinical: clearly recognized clinical symptoms - subclinical: few obvious symptoms |
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What is the third period or phase of an infectious disease? |
- day 6 to 9 - acute period - signs and symptoms are at their greatest intensity |
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What is the fourth period or phase of an infectious disease? |
- Day 9 to 11 - period of decline - signs and symptoms decline - often sweating occurs |
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What is the fifth period or phase of an infectious disease? |
- Day 11 to 14 - period of convalescence - body systems return to normal |
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What is the second period or phase of an infectious disease? |
- days 4 through 6 - prodormal phase - mild signs and symptoms - clinical: clearly recognized clinical symptoms - subclinical: few obvious symptoms |
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What is the third period or phase of an infectious disease? |
- day 6 to 9 - acute period - signs and symptoms are at their greatest intensity |
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What is the fourth period or phase of an infectious disease? |
- Day 9 to 11 - period of decline - signs and symptoms decline - often sweating occurs |
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What is the fifth period or phase of an infectious disease? |
- Day 11 to 14 - period of convalescence - body systems return to normal |
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Describe an acute disease. |
Develops rapidly, usually accompanied by severe symptoms, comes to a climax, and fades quickly Example: the flu |
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What is the second period or phase of an infectious disease? |
- days 4 through 6 - prodormal phase - mild signs and symptoms - clinical: clearly recognized clinical symptoms - subclinical: few obvious symptoms |
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What is the third period or phase of an infectious disease? |
- day 6 to 9 - acute period - signs and symptoms are at their greatest intensity |
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What is the fourth period or phase of an infectious disease? |
- Day 9 to 11 - period of decline - signs and symptoms decline - often sweating occurs |
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What is the fifth period or phase of an infectious disease? |
- Day 11 to 14 - period of convalescence - body systems return to normal |
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Describe an acute disease. |
Develops rapidly, usually accompanied by severe symptoms, comes to a climax, and fades quickly Example: the flu |
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Describe a chronic disease. |
Often lingers for long periods of time, symptoms are slower to develop, a climax may never occurred, and the convalescence can be several months Example: hepatitis a |
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What are the five steps and infectious agent takes to infect its host? |
1. Infectious dose: quantity of pathogens needed to trigger an infection 2. Pathogens enter host via portal of entry 3. Pathogens colonize target; infection occurs 4. Damage to tissue leads to disease 5. Pathogens exit post via portal of exit |
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What are the five steps and infectious agent takes to infect its host? |
1. Infectious dose: quantity of pathogens needed to trigger an infection 2. Pathogens enter host via portal of entry 3. Pathogens colonize target; infection occurs 4. Damage to tissue leads to disease 5. Pathogens exit post via portal of exit |
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What are the four things you learned from Micro Focus 19.5? |
1. During the French Indian war the British forces gate smallpox blankets to Native Americans-the disease decimated their numbers 2. In 1984 a Rajneesh clt contaminated salad bars with salmonella, 750 became sick 3. Tear one agents are bacteria that have the potential to be weapons 4.15 nations have the capability of making bacteria into weapons |
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How do pili act as virulence factors? |
Mode of action: attachment to cell surfaces for colonization Example: neisseria gonorrhoeae attachment to urogenital tract |
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How do capsules act as virulence factors? |
Mode of action: attachment to cell surfaces for colonization Example: streptococcus mutans attachment to tooth surface |
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How does coagulase act as avirulence factor? |
Mode of action: bacterial clot evades immune defenses Example: boil caused by Staphylococcus |
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How does coagulase act as avirulence factor? |
Mode of action: bacterial clot evades immune defenses Example: boil caused by Staphylococcus |
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How does hyaluionidase act as a virulence factor? |
Mode of action: invasion by breaking down connective tissue Example: strep throat caused by streptococcus |
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Define toxigenicity |
A toxin's ability to gain entry and cause disease |
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Define toxigenicity |
A toxin's ability to gain entry and cause disease |
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Define toxicity |
Amount of damage caused by toxin |
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Define toxigenicity |
A toxin's ability to gain entry and cause disease |
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Define toxicity |
Amount of damage caused by toxin |
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Define toxic dose |
The quantity of toxin needed to cause disease |
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Define toxemia |
Presents and spread of toxins in blood, intoxicated |
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What are leukocidins? |
- enzyme toxins that lyse pathogen fighting leukocytes - damage immune system defenses - streptococcus and Staphylococcus |
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What are leukocidins? |
- enzyme toxins that lyse pathogen fighting leukocytes - damage immune system defenses - streptococcus and Staphylococcus |
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What are hemolysins? |
- enzyme toxins that lyse erythrocytes - need to obtain iron - streptococcus and Staphylococcus |
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What is the source of an exotoxin? |
Released by life gram-positive and negative cells |
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What is the source of an exotoxin? |
Released by life gram-positive and negative cells |
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What is the source of endotoxins? |
Cell wall LPS released by lysed Gram-negative cells |
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What is the source of an exotoxin? |
Released by life gram-positive and negative cells |
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What is the source of endotoxins? |
Cell wall LPS released by lysed Gram-negative cells |
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What is the chemical composition and location of exotoxins? |
Proteins coded by genes on phages, plasmids, or bacterial chromosome |
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What is the source of an exotoxin? |
Released by life gram-positive and negative cells |
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What is the source of endotoxins? |
Cell wall LPS released by lysed Gram-negative cells |
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What is the chemical composition and location of exotoxins? |
Proteins coded by genes on phages, plasmids, or bacterial chromosome |
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What is the chemical composition and location of endotoxins? |
The bacterial chromosome |
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What is the source of an exotoxin? |
Released by life gram-positive and negative cells |
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What is the source of endotoxins? |
Cell wall LPS released by lysed Gram-negative cells |
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What is the chemical composition and location of exotoxins? |
Proteins coded by genes on phages, plasmids, or bacterial chromosome |
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What is the chemical composition and location of endotoxins? |
The bacterial chromosome |
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How does the immune system reacts to exotoxins? |
Strong stimulation of antibodies |
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What is the source of an exotoxin? |
Released by life gram-positive and negative cells |
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What is the source of endotoxins? |
Cell wall LPS released by lysed Gram-negative cells |
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What is the chemical composition and location of exotoxins? |
Proteins coded by genes on phages, plasmids, or bacterial chromosome |
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What is the chemical composition and location of endotoxins? |
The bacterial chromosome |
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How does the immune system reacts to exotoxins? |
Strong stimulation of antibodies |
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How does the immune system reacts to endotoxins? |
Week stimulation of antibodies |
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What is the source of an exotoxin? |
Released by life gram-positive and negative cells |
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What is the source of endotoxins? |
Cell wall LPS released by lysed Gram-negative cells |
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What is the chemical composition and location of exotoxins? |
Proteins coded by genes on phages, plasmids, or bacterial chromosome |
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What is the chemical composition and location of endotoxins? |
The bacterial chromosome |
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How does the immune system reacts to exotoxins? |
Strong stimulation of antibodies |
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How does the immune system reacts to endotoxins? |
Week stimulation of antibodies |
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Describe the toxicity and toxic dose of an exotoxin |
High toxicity, low toxic dose |
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Describe the toxicity and toxic dose of an endotoxin |
Low toxicity, high toxic dose |
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What are the representative diseases of an exotoxin |
Cholera, botulism, diphtheria, and tetanus |
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What are the representative diseases of an exotoxin |
Cholera, botulism, diphtheria, and tetanus |
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What are some representative diseases of an endotoxin? |
Non-specific targets, fever, diarrhea, chills, septic shock |
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What are the three pillars of the infectious disease triad? |
1. Susceptible host 2. Mode of transmission 3. Source of pathogen |
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What are disease reservoirs? |
Objects or places on which or in which a microbe lives and multiplies |
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What are the three pillars of the infectious disease triad? |
1. Susceptible host 2. Mode of transmission 3. Source of pathogen |
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What are disease reservoirs? |
Objects or places on which or in which a microbe lives and multiplies |
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How do humans (carriers) act as disease reservoirs? |
A person who has recovered from the disease, but continues to shed the disease agents Example: typhoid fever patients carry it around for several weeks after recovery |
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How do animals act as disease reservoirs? |
Zoonosis, A bat bites a dog, and the dog bites the human who is the dead end post example: domestic dog can have rabies |
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How do animals act as disease reservoirs? |
Zoonosis, A bat bites a dog, and the dog bites the human who is the dead end post example: domestic dog can have rabies |
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How do non-living objects act as disease reservoirs? |
Food, soil, and water can become contaminated with disease agents through poor sanitation and hygiene Example: cholera in water |
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What is a communicable disease? |
Infectious diseases, transmissible among the susceptible individuals in a population Example: tuberculosis and AIDS |
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What is a noncommunicable disease? |
Singular events in which the agent is acquired directly from the environment and is not transmitted to other susceptible individuals Example: tetanus |
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What are some common healthcare associated infections? |
- urinary tract infection - lower respiratory tract infection - surgical |
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What are the signs and symptoms of influenza? |
- spreads person to person - fever, cough, sore throat, runny/stuffy nose, body aches, fatigue - most healthy adults can be infected - Direct contact via respiratory droplets or indirect contact by fomites |
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What are two types of flu viruses? |
All our ssRNA(-) (class 5) with genome in eight segments 1. Type A: 70% of infections, can infect birds, pigs, humans, and other mammals 2. Type B: 30% of infections, can only infect humans |
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What are the two types of surface bikes on type a flu viruses? |
1. Hemagglutin (H) spike: for Biris attachment and penetration, there are 18 versions of the H spike (genes) 2. Neuraminadase (N) spike: for virus release (leave), there are 11 versions (genes) |
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Why do we keep getting the flu? |
- flu viruses mutate rapidly, spikes change - undergo genetic reassortment, spikes change - pigs are species for reassortment - docs/birds spread virus as an intestinal disease |
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What is antigenic dressed? |
Minor change to virus bike structure, outbreak or epidemic |
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What is antigenic shift? |
And abrupt or major change to virus bike structure, epidemic or pandemic Example: the 1918 H1N1 outbreak and the 2004/2005 avian flu H5N1 |
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How do you prevent the flu infection? |
- Annual flu vaccine, trivalent vaccine is inactivated - to type a viruses and one type B virus - you cannot get the flu from and in activated vaccine but it may take 10 to 14 days to take effect |
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How do you prevent flu transmission? |
Tamiflu and Delenza inhibit N spikes if taken early |
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What is an acute HIV infection? |
- May have short flu like illness, 2 to 4 weeks after infection - high viral load in blood - T helper numbers are greater than 500 cells per microliter |
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What is the direct contact method of disease transmission? |
Involves close personal contact Example: respiratory droplets |
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What is the clinical latency. Of an HIV infection? |
- asymptomatic HIV infection continues for up to 10 years - viral load prices as years pass, HIV disease - T helper numbers range from 499 to 220 cells per microliter |
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What is the AIDS stage of HIV? |
- immune system severely damaged; appearance of age defining conditions syndrome - T helper numbers are less than 200 cells per microliter - Life expectancy is about three years |
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What is the treatment available for HIV and AIDS? |
- there are 50+ HIV anti-viral drugs available - drug cocktails - anti retroviral therapy (ARI) includes reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease inhibitors - more than 10 million on ART in 2012 - hi costs, from 10,000 to 12,000 per year |
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What is the origin of HIV? |
- Symian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) jumped to humans around 1908 - genetically similar to HIV - there is strong evidence for SIV jump from primates to humans, primates were hunted for bush meet, infection through blood contact - there are two forms of HIV: HIV-1 originated in chimps, HIV-2 originated in sooty mangabeys |
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What is the indirect contact method of disease transmission? |
Via fomites or nonliving objects Example: consumption of contaminated food and water |
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Explain how microbes can be carried around the world from Micro Focus 19.3. |
Dust from arid climates like the Sahara desert, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Gobi desert is carried across the Atlantic Ocean to Florida, the Caribbean, in the Gulf of Mexico. Dust storms carry 3 million metric tons of particles a loft. The bacteria in the dust could infect people |
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What is an endemic disease? |
A disease habitually present at a low level in a certain geographic area Example: plague |
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What is an epidemic disease compared to an outbreak? |
A disease that occurs in excess of what is normally found within that population Example: influenza An outbreak is a more contained epidemic Example: an increase in measles in one city |
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What is a pandemic disease? |
A worldwide epidemic, affecting populations around the world Example: AIDS |
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What are the three pillars of the healthcare associated infections triad? |
1. Immunocompromised patient 2. Chain of transmission 3. Hospital pathogens |
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Describe the chain of transmission that occurs in an HAI Triad. |
Accidental or deliberate disregard for established protocols (standard precautions) Example: hand hygiene and PPE (gloves, gowns, eye protection) |
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What are for common hospital pathogens? |
1. Staphylococcus aureus 2. C. Difficile 3. E. coli 4. Fungal yeasts |
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