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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality (1) - What evidence is there for genetics playing a role in (or being useful to study for) prosocial behaviour? |
-Lim et al (2004) - V1a gene in meadow voles makes them cuddle more -Wallum et al (2008) - AVPR1a gene, 334 alleles=less strong bonding in males -Rodrigues et al - OXT-R gene, risk allele = worse at reading mind in eyes and Davis' empathy Q -Feldman et al (2012) - risk OXT-R alleles = less parental touch and gaze synchrony (but amount of OT is mediating) |
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Personality (2) - What evidence is there for genetics playing a role in (or being useful to study for) BIS/BAS? |
-Takahashi et al (2007) - twin study, heritability=.28-.35 -Mutation in DA receptor allele = blunted reward responses -Oler et al (2010) - heritability of anxious temperament is predicted by hippocampal (not amygdala) activity, suggesting BIS genes in the hippocampus |
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Personality (3) - What evidence is there for genetics playing a role in (or being useful to study for) interpersonal decisions (Game Theory)? |
- Wallis et al (2007) - twin study of UG, MZ=.39, DZ=0 > genes contribute 42% of variance - Harris et al - twin study of T levels (which give more rejection), MZ=.66/.6, DZ=.34/-.01 - Takahashi et al - rejection correlated with aggreeableness (h of .41-.51), straightforwardness (h=.47) and trust (h=.3) -Israel et al (2009), OXT-R polymorphisms=less generous in DG -Knafo et al (2008) - RS3 length correlated with a hippocampal messenger> probably longer=more V1a receptors and more giving in DG |
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Ability (1) - What evidence is there for/against genetics playing a role in (or being useful to study for) intelligence? |
-Ridley (1999) - review of twin studies, MZ=.86, DZ=.55 > heritability=.62 -Shared prenatal environment is also important -Turkheimer et al (2003) - low SES = 60% shared environment, reverse for high SES - Thompson et al - twins, IQ correlates with frontal grey matter (high heritability; Baare et al (2001), 90%) - Gray & Thompson (2004) - grey matter/intel is mediated by genes; 20-35% of IQ differences in childhood due to family environment -Devlin & Roeder (1997) - foetal environment accounts for 20% of intelligence similarities in MZ, 5% in DZ Deary, Penke & Johnson (2010) - 30-80% heredity; no evidence for what genes are involved |
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Beliefs/Attitudes - What evidence is there for genetics playing a role in (or being useful to study for) intelligence? |
-Alford, Funk & Hibbing - heritability of political attitudes from .2-.41; shared environment not particularly strong - unique experience is stronger |
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Personality (1) - What evidence is there for brain structure playing a role in prosociality/neuroimaging being useful? |
-Ross et al (2009) - NAcc and PFC (when OXT-R antagonist used) increased contact with stranger in voles -Lim et al (2004) - adding VR1a to ventral palladium increases partner huddling -MDMA activates hypothalamic neurons and increases social interaction -Kosfeld - fMRI, OXT reduces A (fear) but increases caudate (decisions) activation; promoted trust even after betrayal -Bartels & Zeki (2004) - fMRI, love activates reward centres, reduces mentalising; NAcc, A and striatum in attachment; maternal = periaqueductal grey matter, subgenual anterior cingulate (anxiety area); romantic=dorsal aC |
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Personality (2) - What evidence is there for brain structure playing a role in BIS/BAS/neuroimaging being useful? |
-Wanting is mediated by DA, liking by opioids in NAcc -Hahn et al (2009) - 3 cues, SR correlated with activity in R ventral striatum and R OFC. SP correlated with more H/A connectivity -Beaver et al (2006) - BAS drive correlates with response to appetising food in RVS, L A, OFC -Degree to which food/sex activate NAcc predicts how much they will engage in that behaviour -Drugs reducing hippocampal activity reduce anxiety; MRI suggests BIS=increased H/A connectivity, size and activity -Levita et al (2014) - MRI, SP RH volume and R/L H laterality -Problems such as depression, plasticity (neurogenesis), etc -Oler et al (2010) - AT correlates with H/A activity (PETmonkeys) -Davidson et al - BIS right-dominant -Barros-Loscertales (2006) - SP correlates with grey matter volume in A/H |
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Personality (3) - What evidence is there for brain structure playing a role in interpersonal decisions (game theory)? (Not Neuroimaging) |
-Knoch et al (2009) - TMS to disrupt R PFC, accepted UG offers more but still thought it was unfair |
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Ability (1) - What evidence is there for brain structure playing a role in intelligence/neuroimaging being useful? |
-Gray et al (2003) - fMRI, n-back with Raven's Progressive Matrices; L lateral PFC activity correlated with RPM (fluid intel) -Thompson et al - WAIS-R correlates with frontal grey matter -Gray and Thompson (2004) - frontal lobes involved in fluid, posterior for IQ; .4-.51 correlation between brain size and IQ (brains could be larger from searching out stuff) -Deary, Penke & Johnson (2010) - r~.4 for intel and intercranial volume; higher correlations with grey than white matter; network including PFC and aC involved > PFIT; but macroencephaly=low IQ;more white matter lesions=less cognitive ability; intelligent process more efficiently; but people can recruit different areas and strategies -Shaw et al - kids with cortex being thin then quickly thicker=intelligent -Li et al, MRI, intelligence correlates with white matter network efficiency |
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Ability (2) - What evidence is there for brain structure playing a role in spatial ability/neuroimaging being useful? |
-O'Keefe (1976) - H place cells (electrodes not NI) -Taube et al (1990) - head direction cells in entorhinal cortex -Hafting et al (2005) - grid cells -Also have boundary cells -H-lesioned rats have watermaze issues (not NI) -Maguire et al (1998) - PET, shortest route, successful navigators have better bloodflow -fMRI, H activity=navigational accuracy -Cornwell et al (2008) - MEG, H theta power in watermaze task predicts navigational accuracy -Woolett & Maguire (2011) - taxi drivers |
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Beliefs/Attitudes - What evidence is there for brain structure playing a role in beliefs and attitudes/neuroimaging being useful? |
-Amodio et al (2007) liberalism=stronger conflict-related aC activity in go/no-go; 1/3 of variance in performance predicted by brain activity -Kanai et al (2011) - in kids, larger aC=more liberal, larger R A=more conservative -Smith et al (2011) - insula and disgust=conservative |
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How are questionnaires useful for individual differences in personality? |
-Wallum et al (2008) - used a partner bonding questionnaire when investigating the 334 allele -Rodrigues et al - used Davis' empathy qiestionnaire to look at risk alleles -SPSRQ (Torrubia et al, 2001) -Hahn et al (2009) - SPSRQ and monetary incentive delay task, SR correlates wth NAcc -Franken & Murris (2005) - SR correlates with BMI and food craving, predicts weight better than a food questionnaire -Beaver et al (2006) - BAS Drive=reward area activation -Gray & McNaughton (2000) - GAD is clinical BIS, Maack et al (2012) BIS scores predict GAD -Levita et al (2014) - SP correlates with R H volume and laterality -Davidson et al - BIS-dominant=R-dominant -Barros-Loscartales (2006) - SP=grey matter in H/A -Scheres & Sanfey (2006) - BAS drive and reward=higher UG offers and lower DG offers |
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How are questionnaires useful for beliefs and attitudes? |
-Adorno's F scale -Altmeyer's RWA scale -Meloen et al (1996) - RWA scales predict stances on apartheid etc and predict sympathy for RW parties -Questionnaires of religious belief used to study analytical thinking |
