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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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acculturation
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change in people's way of life as they encounter another (usually dominant) society *changes may be intentional or incidental *most mild form of what happens when cultures come in contact
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transculturation
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acknowledges that change goes both ways.... indigenous->european and vice-versa
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assimilation
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sometimes presented to governments as solution to the "Indian problem' *power dynamic *often used in conjunction with the word "policy" **intention--> make cultural differences disappear. (Change comes w/ violence-> psych, emotional, cultural)
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ethnocide/cultural genocide
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association of the destruction of a people's way of life with more destructive acts i.e. mass killings ***i.e. Gov't exterminating buffalo - food source...... *epidemics (unintended) oldest/youngest most susceptible, which means that leaders die
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Scandinavian arrivals
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985 -> Eirik the Red... Greenland colony. *1001 - Leif Erikson ***First point of contact**** Newfoundland
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L'Anse aux Meadows
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archaeological site - Scandinavian arrivals - artifacts, structures... Erikson called it "Vinland" b/c of berries found
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Thule villages
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Scandinavian arrival... Labrador coast; Norse artifacts/depictions....sagas depicting battles w/ Native people... Thules ended up having Norse artifacts. (Thule eskimos)
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Columbus
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Oct 12, 1492; Samana Cay - Bahamas. Arawaks (native people who got wiped out by Europeans AND Caribs)... begin negotiations
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Isla de Española
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where Columbus established homebase in the New World
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Encounters in the Northeast
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John Cabot - Newfoundland declared a possession of England - no contact w/ Native people but knew people lived there.
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European fishing boats
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1550 - English, French, Portuguese, Spnish... Algonkian traders.... regular commerce going on off coast of New England. **Native Amer. ppl who were taken back to Europe (to show courts/royalty)
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Encounters in the SW
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1519 - Spaniards land in Veracruz, Mexico... conquer Mexico, Peru, etc. for New Spain
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northward colonial expansion (In the SW)
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built churches/cathedrals on top of old indigenous temples *act of colonial violence by Spanish conquistadors
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Marcos de Niza
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1539; Seven Cities of Gold myth; Mexico City
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Francisco de Coronado
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1540-1542; search for Seven Cities of Cibola... ravages pueblos in search for gold
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encounters in the Southeast
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Ponce de Leon - Florida coast, 1513 - looking for slaves for Caribbean plantation... Calusa warrior resistance
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De Soto expedition
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1539-1543... died on this expedition, buried in Mississippi River; 600 soldiers, 4 secretaries/clerks... livestock, supplies... violent encounters in Native American villages
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pre-contact population figures
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population in W Hemi.... 72 mil..... 7 million.... by 1890... 250k
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Old World pathogens
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measles, smallpox, influenza, whooping cough (depicted in indigenous art)... 1507 - Hispaniola-> influenza outbreak wiped out whole tribes.
transmission of disease -> trade, contact |
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Huron peope
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Wyandot -> actual name, Huron is Europeanized. 1600, southern Canada. middleman in fur trade... at war w/ Iroquois
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Smallpox/Huron
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missionized by Jesuits - called Hurons "Black robes". epidemics - devastated by them (scarlet fever). 20k-35k... diminished to 10,000 by 1640. some Hurons accused missionaries of witchcraft....vulnerable to competing nations (Iroquois)
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Puebloans
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(Southwest). sheepherders - apartment-like architecture.
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Apacheans
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culturally and linguistically related... Apaches/Navajos (largest rez today) (Southwest)
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Pimans
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farmers... Pimas - Tohono O'odhams **Yaquis
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Eastern Pueblos
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live along Rio Grande; irrigation farming - using river to irrigate land... *corn-staple food, religion, mythology, etc. Renewal, Thanksgiving dances
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Taos Pueblos
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Eastern tribe; Zia Pueblo, Santa Clara Pueblo
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Western Pueblos
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lived on mesa tops in New Mexico, northern Arizona -----> **protection. crops, rainfall. ceremonies - Kachina dances, etc. rain deities I.E. Hopi, Zuni, Acoma
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The Kiva
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3 sisters (crops...corn, beans, squash); cotton, hunting and gathering. circular... underground structures for the performance of rituals
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