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59 Cards in this Set
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Social movements |
Participatory action beyond just voting - Activism,protests/demonstrations, civil disobedience, etc. Tend to form among non-elite, relativelydisadvantaged populations – the underrepresented |
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Patriarchy |
A social system in which males hold powerand women are excluded from it Malesdisproportionately hold political power, moral authority, control overresources, etc. compared to women |
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Liberal feminism |
Allpeople equal by nature and deserve equal rights Womenand men are equal, so women deserve the same opportunities as men in political,economic, and social arenas |
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Radical feminism |
Idea that societyneeds fundamental change to destroy patriarchy Free women and men from rigid genderroles |
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Socialist feminism |
Classstructure linked to oppression of women men control women because they don’t produce tangiblegoods |
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Feminist Separatism |
Patriarchyleads to heterosexuality as a political institution that perpetuates oppressionof women Redefinesex so that women control their sexuality |
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First wave of the women’s movement
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19th amendment: voting rights for women |
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Second wave of the women’s movement |
Heightened feminist consciousness leadsto calls for antidiscrimination policies and equal privileges Kennedy ordered a commission to investigate the status of women in the workplace |
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Third wave of the women’s movement |
Goal to abolish gender role expectationsand stereotypes Split on women in pornography, sex work, and prostitution |
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American Women Report |
Homeand Community - Changingnature of the family (child care services needed) Womenin employment - Needequal distribution of genders in all labor sectors and equal pay Womenas Citizens - Underrepresentedin all branches of government |
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The Feminine Mystique |
BettyFriedan Post WWII campaign trying to convincewomen to achieve happiness in the home with marriage and motherhood |
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Equal Pay Act of 1963 |
Statesthat no employer may pay lower wages to employees of one gender than it pays toemployees of the other gender employees within the same establishment for equalwork at jobs that require equal skill, effort and responsibility, and that areperformed under similar working conditions |
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Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
Outlawed discrimination based on race,ethnicity, religion, and sex |
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National Organization for Women (NOW) |
BettyFriedan as first president Beginsat annual national conference in DC of representatives of state commissions Wanted the Equal Employment OpportunityCommission (EEOC) to enforce the mandate to end sex discrimination inemployment |
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New York Radical Women |
Protest of Miss America Pageant “womenare people, not livestock” “Canmakeup cover the wounds of our oppression?” |
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Redstockings Manifesto |
Mixof radical and socialist feminism – strong position on the patriarchy Liberationfrom male supremacy Womenare an oppressed class |
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Combahee River Collective Statement |
Simultaneousoppressions of sex and race Racistand elitism within the movement served to obscure black women’s participation –both in women’s movement and civil rights movement |
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Equal Rights Amendment |
Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman Equality of Rights under the law shallnot be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex |
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Symbolic Representation |
The ways a representative “stands for”the represented Themeaning that a representative has for those being represented |
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Substantive Representation |
Theactivity of representatives – that is, the actions taken on behalf of, in theinterest of the represented |
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Descriptive Representation |
Legislatorand constituent share identity characteristics Oneis descriptively represented when the representative belongs to your social ordemographic group |
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Critical Mass Theory |
Certainpercentage of women in legislature before women’s interests are substantivelyrepresented (usually about 30%) |
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Beyond Bodies (Weldon) |
Multiplesources of representation = greater substantive representation Needfor group perspective: “A social perspective is a type of group knowledge thatreflects the vantage point of the group’s social position” “groupperspectives as collective products” |
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Universal issues |
Impact population as a whole |
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Majority issues |
Impactorganization’s members equally |
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Disadvantaged-subgroup issues |
Affects a subgroup of an organization’s members who are disadvantaged economically,socially, or politically compared to the broader membership |
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Advantaged-subgroup issues |
Affects a subgroup of an organization’s members, but one that is relativelystrong or advantaged compared to the broader membership |
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Griswold v. Connecticut |
Unconstitutionalfor government to stop married couples from using birth control Atthe same time, 26 states had laws banning birth control for unmarried women |
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Eisenstadt v. Baird |
Legalizedbirth control for all Americans |
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Pro-Life |
Lifebegins at moment of conception Moralityjustification, traditional family values–Destructionof human life – equates to murder Mostlyconservative and religious |
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Pro-Choice |
Woman’sright to choose – power over own body and personal health Mostlyliberals Planned Parenthood |
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Roe v. Wade |
JaneRoe couldn’t receive a safe, legal abortion in Texas because of restrictivelaws The Court ruled that the states were forbidden from outlawing or regulating any aspect of abortion performed during the first trimester of pregnancy JusticeBlackmun |
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Doe v. Bolton |
Abortioncan only be performed in accreditedhospitals, with approval from hospital committee, doctor agrees it isnecessary, and patient has Georgia residency Courtvoted that these restrictions were unconstitutional – restrictive onpatient’s rights |
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Hyde Amendment |
ProhibitsMedicaid funds for abortion except to save woman’s life Ruled constitutional in Harris v. McRae |
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Webster v. Reproductive HealthServices |
Lifebegins at conception – physician needs to test for fetus viability beforeperforming abortion Court upheld the Missouri law’sprovisions |
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Steinberg v. Carhart |
Nebraskastatute banning partial-birth abortions except when mother’s life was at stake lawwas unconstitutional placedundue burden on woman’s ability to obtain an abortion |
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Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern NewEngland |
NewHampshire law requiring providers to notify a minor’s parents 48 hours beforeperforming the procedure States have right to require parentalinvolvement when a minor considers terminating her pregnancy |
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Gonzales v. Carhart |
Courtupheld the constitutionality of the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Congresshad the power to make the law, but Courts could change it in the future |
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Partial-Birth Abortion Ban |
"Anyphysician who, in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, knowinglyperforms a partial-birth abortion and thereby kills a human fetus shall befined under this title or imprisoned not more than 2 years, or both." |
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Civil-liability law |
Allowwomen who have abortions to sue the doctor for up to 10 years – for herinjuries and those “occasioned by the unborn child” Attemptto keep providers from helping women obtain abortions |
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Planned Parenthood v. Casey |
AffirmedRoe v. Wade States have ability to regulate clinics,though – as long as there is no “undue burden” on women’s access to abortion |
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TRAP |
Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers Unnecessarylicensing requirements just for abortion facilities Forceclinics to spend money on costly renovations - drives up abortion costs |
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Title VII |
Calls for equal employment opportunityfor women Prohibitsdiscrimination by covered employers on the basis of race, color, religion, sex,or national origin |
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Title IX |
Prohibitsex discrimination in institutions receiving federal funding (high school sports) “Noperson in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded fromparticipation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discriminationunder any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance” |
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United States v. Virginia |
Decision striking down male-only policy at VMI Violatedthe 14thamendment’s Equal Protection Clause |
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Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins |
Theemployer must prove a preponderance of the evidence that the decision regardingemployment would have been the same if sex discrimination had not occurred Genderstereotyping is actionable as sexual discrimination |
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Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act |
180-daystatutes of limitations for filing an equal-pay lawsuit regarding paydiscrimination resets with each new paycheck affected by that discriminatoryaction "a key provision of the legislationwill make it clear that discrimination occurs not just when the decision todiscriminate is made, but also when someone becomes subject to thatdiscriminatory decision, and when they are affected by that discriminatorydecision, including each time they are issued a discriminatory paycheck” |
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The Welfare Queen |
Phraseused against women (often of color) who are accused of fraud of the welfaresystem Welfareis not an indefinite thing anymore (Personal Responsibility and WorkOpportunity Act of 1996), but continues to be framed in this way |
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Intersectionality |
Theinterplay of race, class, and gender, often resulting in multiple dimensions ofdisadvantage Differentforms of oppression shape one another for women of color, race and genderintersect to create a different experience than one determined by eitherdiscrete category |
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Doubly Bound |
Intersectionalityof identities among black women Blackwomen identify as strongly on the basis of their gender as their race –mutually reinforcing |
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The Power of Positive Women |
“menand women are different,and that those very differences provide the key to her success as a persona andfulfillment as a woman” Argumentbased on Christian, traditional family values stance |
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Women’s liberation movement |
“gender-free”rule in political, social, and economic arenas “equality”at the expense of justice Womengiven the benefit of “reverse discrimination” Uniformityshould replace diversity |
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Phyllis Schlafly |
"the women’s liberation movement[believes]…that there is no difference between male and female…and that allthose physical, cognitive, and emotional differences you think are there, aremerely the result of restraints imposed by a male-dominated society" |
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Eagle Forum |
Anti-ERAorganization Attempted to counter the message of feminist and women’s movement organizations “pro-family”/sociallyconservative/anti-feminist |
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Choice feminism |
Whateverindividual women choose to do can be considered a feminist act |
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Men’s Rights Movement |
Postfeminism:we don’t need feminism anymore Neoconservatism - AVoice for Men NationalCoalition of Men |
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The Distorted Mirror |
Showsthat the press differentiate between male and female candidates (more dramaticin US Senate races) Mediamore responsive to messages sent by male candidates |
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Social Construction of Gender |
Social construction is the constructionof a perceived social reality Developedby interacting with others Genderis a human production that depends on everyone constantly “doing gender” |
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The Gender Gap |
The gender gap in voting is thedifference in the percentage of women and men who support a given candidate,generally the leading or winning candidate. It is the gap between the gendersnot within a gender. Womenmore likely to identify as Democrats than men |
