• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/115

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

115 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Used to identify endothelial differentiation or angiosarcoma; most specific endothelial marker

Normally stains endothelial cells and megakaryocytes (cytoplasmic and membranous), also macrophages
CD31
Used to identify vascular sarcomas, Kaposi's sarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), solitary fibrous tumor, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), epithelioid sarcoma, plus some other soft tissue tumors. Synovial sarcoma is negative

Normally stains endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and hematopoietic blasts (cytoplasmic and membranous)
CD34
Used to identify endothelial differentiation, specific but not very sensitive

Normally stains endothelial cells, megakaryocytes, platelets (cytoplasmic)
FVIII
Used to identify meningioma, perineuroma, chordoma, mesothelioma, sebaceous carcinoma, plus some sarcomas (synovial sarcoma, epithelioid sarcoma) and plasma cell neoplasms. Germ cell tumors (excluding some teratomas) are negative

Entities that are positive for this stain and keratin negative: meningioma, perineuroma, plasma cell myeloma

Normally stains epithelial, perineural, meningothelial cells (cytoplasmic or membranous)
EMA
Used to identify astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), and ependymoma; also myoepithelial tumors of salivary gland. Oligodendroglioma and neuroblastoma are negative

Normally stains glial cells (cytoplasmic)
GFAP
Used to identify neural differentiation but not very specific (not the same as nonspecific esterase, an enzyme assay for heme path). Sensitive for neuroblastoma

Normally stains neuroectodermal and neuroendocrine cells (cytoplasmic)
NSE (neuronal-specific enolase)
Used to identify cellular schwannoma, astrocytomas/GBM, granular cell tumor, chordoma, ependymoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), and melanocytic lesions (all types). Breast cancer may also be positive

Normally stains glial cells, Schwann cells, dendritic and Langerhans cells, melanocytes, other mesenchymal cells (nuclear and cytoplasmic)
S100
Used to identify carcinoids, paraganglioma, pheochromocytomas, small cell, medullary carcinoma of thyroid, neuroblastoma, islet cell tumors, others. Differentiates neural differentiation (positive) from glial (negative)

Normally stains neuroendocrine cells (cytoplasmic)
Synaptophysin
Used to identify ductal breast lesions; loss of staining identifies lobular carcinoma (in situ and invasive)

Normally stains ductal and lobular cells (membranous)
E-cadherin
Used to identify metastatic breast cancer, some gynecologic tumors, and others; also for breast cancer prognosis (predicts response to tamoxifen)

Normally stains estrogen receptor (nuclear) and
progesterone receptor (nuclear)
ER and PR
Used to identify breast carcinoma, also sweat and salivary gland carcinoma

Normally stains apocrine metaplasia of breast and apocrine sweat glands (cytoplasmic)
GCDFP
Used to evaluate breast carcinomas (overexpression is a poor prognostic sign but can be treated with Herceptin)

Normally stains growth factor receptor that is only weakly expressed in normal epithelial cells (membranous and cytoplasmic)
Her2Neu
Used to gauge mitotic activity for prognosis

Normally stains any proliferating cell (nuclear)
Ki67 (MIB-1)
Used to identify the myoepithelial layer of breast and rule out invasive cancer

Normally stains smooth muscle: myoepithelial cells, blood vessels, myofibroblasts (cytoplasmic)
α-Actin
Used to identify myoepithelial cells but not endothelium and fi broblasts—cleaner stain than actin/SMMHC; also stains metaplastic carcinoma

Normally stains a tumor supressor gene (nuclear)
p63
Used to identify the myoepithelial layer of breast and rule out invasive cancer

Normally stains myoepithelial cells, blood vessels, myofibroblasts (cytoplasmic)
SMMHC (smooth muscle myosin-heavy chain)
Used to differentiate usual ductal hyperplasia (positive) from ductal carcinoma in situ (negative) of breast; also stains metaplastic carcinoma

Normally stains myoepithelial cells (cytoplasmic and membranous) and usual duct hyperplasia
CK903
Used to identify carcinomas in general; used in conjunction with Cam 5.2 to screen for carcinoma

Normally stains most epithelial cells (cytoplasmic), except cytokeratins 8 and 18
AE1-AE3
Used in conjunction with AE1/AE3 to screen for carcinoma; also to identify hepatocellular carcinoma, some adrenal cortical tumors, and some carcinomas that are negative for other keratins (undifferentiated carcinoma)

Normally stains low- and intermediate-molecular weight keratins 8, 18, and 19 (cytoplasmic)
Cam 5.2
Used to differentiate squamous cell carcinoma (positive) or mesothelioma (positive) from adenocarcinoma (negative)

Normally stains two specific high-molecular-weight keratins (cytoplasmic)
CK5/6
Used to identify above-the-diaphragm carcinomas; used in combination with CK20 to narrow the differential of carcinoma of unknown origin

Normally stains a specific low-molecular-weight cytokeratin (cytoplasmic)
CK7
Used to identify below-the-diaphragm carcinomas and in Merkel cell carcinoma; used in combination with CK7 to narrow the differential of carcinoma of unknown origin

Normally stains a specific low-molecular-weight cytokeratin (cytoplasmic)
CK20
Used to identify prostatic basal cells (loss of staining indicates carcinoma), and transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma (positive); also metaplastic breast carcinoma

Normally stains high-molecular-weight keratin (cytoplasmic and membranous)
CK903 (34ßE12)
CK7/20 - positive or negative?

Urothelial carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, ovarian mucinous carcinoma
CK7+ / CK20+
CK7/20 - positive or negative?

Breast carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, ovarian serous carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, epithelial mesothelioma, thymoma
CK7+ / CK20-
CK7/20 - positive or negative?

Colorectal carcinoma, Merkel cell carcinoma
CK7- / CK20+
CK7/20 - positive or negative?

Hepatocellular carcinoma, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, neuroendocrine small cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma
CK7- / CK20-
Used to identify yolk sac tumor and hepatocellular carcinoma; may also stain other carcinomas

Normally stains fetal tissues (cytoplasmic)
AFP
Used to identify seminoma (membranous) and mature teratoma, plus GIST in stomach

Normally stains germ cells, mast cells, interstitial cells of Cajal (cytoplasmic or membranous)
c-kit
Used to identify seminoma, yolk sac tumor, and embryonal carcinoma; should be negative in all of them

Normally stains epithelial, perineural, meningothelial cells (membranous)
EMA
Used to identify choriocarcinoma and germ cell tumors, some adenocarcinoma

Normally stains human chorionic gonadotropin β-chain (cytoplasmic) in syncytiotrophoblasts
β-hCG
Used to identify germ cell tumors, moles, and choriocarcinoma, also some carcinomas

Normally stains trophoblasts (cytoplasmic)
HPL
Used to identify embryonal carcinoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL)

Normally stains activated lymphocytes
Ki-1 (CD30)
Used to identify germ cell tumors, intratubular germ cell neoplasia, others; does not stain spermatocytic seminoma

Normally stains placenta (cytoplasmic)
PLAP
Used to identify nonmucinous ovarian carcinoma (usually negative)

Normally stains mesothelial cells and in the luminal surface of epithelial cells of the fallopian tube, endometrium and endocervix
CA-125
Used to identify choriocarcinoma and germ cell tumors

Normally stains human chorionic gonadotropin β-chain (cytoplasmic) in syncytiotrophoblasts
β-hCG
Used to identify germ cell tumors, moles, choriocarcinoma, and some carcinomas

Normally stains trophoblasts (cytoplasmic)
HPL
Used to identify sex cord stromal tumors (granulosa cell, Sertoli and Leydig) and moles, choriocarcinomas, fibrothecomas, and adrenal cortical tumors

Normally stains granulosa cells, Sertoli cells, others (cytoplasmic)
Inhibin
Used to identify placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), choriocarcinoma

Normally stains intermediate trophoblasts
Melcam (CD146)
Used to identify serous ovarian carcinoma, mesothelioma, and pancreatic carcinoma (also a target for immunotherapy)

Normally stains mesothelial cells (membranous)
Mesothelin
Used to identify high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and HPV lesions of cervix and to differentiate between endocervical (positive) and endometrial (negative) adenocarcinoma

Normally stains cells infected by HPV (nuclear)
p16
Used to identify endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (EIC) and serous carcinoma of endometrium

Normally stains a tumor suppressor gene variant that should be absent in normal cells (nuclear)
p53
Used to identify a subset of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL); Hodgkin's lymphoma is negative

Normally stains a fusion protein expressed by only lympomatous cells
ALK
Used to differentiate follicular lympoma (positive) from reactive follicles (negative); also stains mantle cell lympoma; Burkitt's lymphoma should be negative

Normally inhibits apoptosis and turns off in a germinal center (membranous and cytoplasmic stain)
bcl-2
Used to identify lymphomas of follicular origin ( follicular center cell lymphoma (FCC), Burkitt’s lymphoma)

Normally stains germinal center cells (cytoplasmic)
bcl-6
Used to identify Langerhans cell proliferations, T-LBL (lymphoblastic lymphoma)

Normally stains thymocytes (immature T cells) and Langerhans cells (membranous)
CD1a
Used to identify T-cell lymphomas and leukemias; ___ is also dimly positive in monocytic/histiocytic lesions

Normally stains T cells
CDs 3, 4, 5, 7, 8
___= CD4
Used to identify follicular center cell (FCC), ALL, lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL), Burkitt’s lymphoma, and CML; MALTomas are negative

Normally stains precursor B and T cells, granulocytes (membranous)
CD10
Used to identify B-cells; stains B-cells lymphomas, but plasmacytomas are negative

Normally stains B cells (cytoplasmic and membranous)
CD20
Used to identify Reed-Sternberg cells (classic Hodgkin's), some large T-cell lymphomas and mycosis fungoides

Normally stains granulocytes and macrophages (membranous and dot-like perinuclear)
CD15 (LeuM1)
Used to identify SLL/CLL; mantle cell lymphomas are negative

Normally stains B cells, IgE receptor (membranous)
CD23
Used to identify Reed-Sternberg cells, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), large B- and T-cell lymphomas

Normally stains activated B and T cells, immunoblasts, other nonheme cell types (cytoplasmic, membranous)
CD30
Used to identify blasts in the marrow in acute leukemias; also many soft tissue tumors

Normally stains hematolymphoid blasts, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells (cytoplasmic and membranous)
CD34
Used to identify poorly differentiated neoplasms as of hematopoietic origin

Normally stains lymphocytes, granulocytes, and histiocytes, but not plasma cells (cytoplasmic, membranous)
CD45 (CLA/LCA)
Used to identify natural killer/T-cell lymphomas

Normally stains natural killer cells (membranous)
CD56
Used to identify histiocytic origin; also stains soft tissue tumors

Normally stains histiocytes/macrophages/monocytes, granulocytes, others (cytoplasmic, membranous)
CD68
Used to identify B-cell neoplasms negative for other B-cell markers; stains B-ALL and B lymphomas, myelomas

Normally stains B cells and plasma cells (membranous)
CD79a
Used to identify plasma cell neoplasms

Normally stains plasma cells (membranous), epithelial cells
CD138
Used to identify mantle cell lymphoma

Normally stains nucleus in mantle cell lymphoma
cyclin D1
Used to identify nasopharyngeal carcinoma, posttransplantation/AIDS lymphomas; also mononucleosis; these are EBV-related tumors

Normally stains EBV RNA in infected B cells (nuclear)
EBV EBER
Used to identify megakaryocytic leukemias

Normally stains megakaryocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells, (cytoplasmic)
FVIII (vWF)
Used to identify erythroid leukemias (rare)

Normally stains hemoglobin in erythroid cells (cytoplasmic)
hemoglobin
Used to identify a monoclonal population of B or plasma cells, when it is restricted to this type of staining

Normally stains light chain of immunoglobulins in plasma cells and B cells (cytoplasmic)
Kappa and lambda
Used to gauge mitotic activity and identify Burkitt’s lymphoma (100% positivity)

Normally stains any proliferating cell (nuclear)
Ki67 (MIB-1)
Used to identify AML and myeloid sarcoma (chloroma)

Normally stains enzyme granules in myeloid-lineage cells (cytoplasmic)
MPO
Used to identify large B-cell lymphoma (LBL) and ALL

Normally stains immature lymphocytes (nuclear)
TdT
Used to identify renal cell carcinoma

Normally stains proximal renal tubules (cytoplasmic)
RCC (gp200/RTA)
Used to identify Xp11-translocation RCC and alveolar soft part sarcoma

Normally stains a transcription factor (nuclear)
TFE3
Used to identify t(6:11) renal cell carcinoma

Normally stains a transcription factor (nuclear)
TFE3B
Used to identify TCC, mesothelioma, some vascular tumors

Normally stains both endothelial (cytoplasmic) and mesothelial (membranous) cells
Thrombomodulin
Used to identify Wilms’ tumor; also mesothelioma, desmoplastic small round cell tumor

Normally stains a tumor suppressor gene in developing nephrons; nephrogenic rests and adult glomerular podocytes (nuclear)
WT-1
Used to highlight globules of α1-antitrypsin disease; not specific to a tumor

Normally stains histiocytes and reticulum cells (cytoplasmic)
α1-antitrypsin
Used to identify HCC and yolk sac tumors; may also stain other carcinomas

Normally stains fetal tissues (granular cytoplasmic)
AFP
Used to identify colon cancer, abdominal fibromatosis, and solid pseudopapillary tumor of pancreas (positive)

Normally stains APC-binding protein present in most cells (only nuclear staining is significant; indicates a mutation in APC or β-catenin)
β-Catenin
Used to identify a canalicular pattern in HCC

Normally stains liver canaliculi, brush border of small bowel, other tissues
CD10
Used to identify a canalicular pattern in HCC (not seen with mCEA); also stains lung, colon, pancreatic carcinoma

Normally stains fetal tissues and adenocarcinomas (cytoplasmic)
pCEA
Used to identify pancreatic carcinoma (55% of in situ or invasive cancers exhibit loss of staining)

Normally stains most normal tissues (cytoplasmic)
DPC-4 (clone B8)
Used to predict response to Erbitux (a monoclonal antibody) in advanced colon cancer

Normally stains hepatocytes, perineurium in peripheral nerves, squamous epithelium
EGFR
Used to identify HCC (mod to poorly diff = loss)

Normally stains mitochondria in normal hepatocytes (granular cytoplasmic stain)
HepPar1 (OCH1E5)
Used to differentiate mesothelioma (negative) from carcinoma (positive)

Normally stains epithelial cells (membranous)
BerEP4
Used to differentiate mesothelioma (negative) from adenocarcinoma (positive)

Normally stains fetal tissues and mucin-secreting glandular tissues (cytoplasmic)
mCEA and pCEA
Used to differentiate epithelial mesothelioma (positive) from carcinoma (negative)

Normally stains various neural and epithelial cells (cytoplasmic and nuclear)
Calretinin
Used to differentiate mesothelioma (negative) from adenocarcinoma (positive)

Normally stains hematopoietic cells and some carcinomas (membranous and cytoplasmic)
LeuM1 (CD15)
Used to differentiate nonsquamous carcinoma of lung origin (including adenocarcinoma, small cell, and neuroendocrine/all positive) from nonpulmonary (negative)

Normally stains a transcription factor in lung and thyroid (nuclear)
TTF-1
Used to differentiate epithelial mesothelioma (positive) from carcinomas (negative)

Normally stains mesothelium (nuclear)
WT-1
Used to identify epithelioid melanoma, metastatic melanoma, angiomyolipoma, clear cell sarcoma, perivascular epithelioid cell tumors, and others; less sensitive than other markers for melanoma

Normally stains immature melanocytes (cytoplasmic)
HMB45
Used to identify melanoma (mainly epithelioid)

Normally stains melanocytes (cytoplasmic)
MART-1/Melan-A (N2-7C10 clone)
Used to identify melanoma (mainly epithelioid) and angiomyolipoma; labels steroid cell tumors (adrenocortical tumors, Sertoli and Leydig cell tumors)
Melan-A (A103 clone)
Used to identify melanoma and melanocytic tumors, also angiomyolipoma

Normally stains melanocytes (nuclear)
MitF
Used to identify nevi and melanoma (all types, most sensitive), cellular schwannoma, granular cell tumor, glial neoplasms; not used to screen lymph nodes, as normal dendritic cells are positive

Normally stains melanocytes, glial cells, dendritic
and Langerhans cells, other mesenchymal cells (nuclear and cytoplasmic)
S100 protein
Used to differentiate pheochromocytoma (positive) from adrenal cortical carcinoma (negative) or to identify carcinoids, small cell, Merkel cell, and islet cell tumors

Normally stains neurosecretory granules (cytoplasmic,
granular) in endocrine tissues and neurons
Chromogranin
Used to identify adrenal cortical tumors, stromal sex cord tumors (granulosa cell, Sertoli and Leydig), fibrothecomas

Normally stains adrenal cortical cells (cytoplasmic)
Inhibin
Used to identify carcinoids, paragangliomas, pheochromocytomas, small cell carcinoma, medullary
carcinoma of thyroid, neuroblastoma, islet cell tumors, others

Normally stains neuroendocrine cells (cytoplasmic),
neuromuscular junction, Merkel cells
Synaptophysin
Used to identify products of neuroendocrine tumors, such as islet cell tumors and others

Normally stains cells that these respective hormones (cytoplasmic)
insulin, somatostatin, gastrin, glucagon, parathyroid hormone, etc.
Used to identify prostatic basal cells (loss of staining indicates carcinoma) and TCC (positive)

Normally stains high-molecular-weight keratin (cytoplasmic and membranous) in basal cells
CK903 (34ßE12)
Used to identify prostate basal cells (loss of staining indicates carcinoma)

Normally stains prostatic gland basal cells (nuclear)
p63
Used to identify metastatic or ambiguous prostate cancer; seminal vesicle is negative

Normally stains prostatic epithelium (cytoplasmic), but also salivary gland
PSA
Used to identify metastatic or ambiguous prostate cancer and transitional cell carcinoma; also stains rectal carcinoids

Normally stains prostatic epithelium (cytoplasmic)
PSAP (PAP)
Used to confirm prostate carcinoma; also stains nephrogenic adenoma of bladder

Normally stains prostate carcinoma
Racemase (p504s)
Used to identify smooth muscle differentiation, leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma; rhabdomyosarcoma is usually negative

Normally stains smooth muscle actin (cytoplasmic)
α-Actin
Used to identify muscle differentiation

Normally stains smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle, myoepithelial cells (cytoplasmic)
Actin (HHF-35)
Used to identify GIST, also seminoma, mature teratoma, and AML

Normally stains mast cells, interstitial cells of Cajal (cytoplasmic and membranous)
c-kit
Used to identify GIST, solitary fibrous tumor (SFT), dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), and vascular
sarcomas plus other soft tissue tumors

Normally stains fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and hematopoietic blasts (cytoplasmic and membranous)
CD34
Used to identify primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)/Ewing’s sarcoma, lymphocytes in thymoma, plus other sarcomas and hematologic tumors. Neuroblastoma is negative

Normally stains a variety of mesenchymal cells (membranous)
CD99 (O13)
Used to identify muscle differentiation, including rhabdomyosarcoma, some leiomyosarcomas, and others

Normally stains intermediate fi laments in smooth, striated, and cardiac muscle (cytoplasmic)
Desmin
Used to identify some sarcomas (synovial sarcoma, epithelioid sarcoma) plus chordoma, meningioma, mesothelioma, perineural tumors, and plasma cell tumors

Normally stains epithelial, perineural, meningeal cells (cytoplasmic or membranous)
EMA
Used to identify fibrohistiocytic tumors, such as malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) and dermatofibroma, giant cell tumor of tendon sheath

Normally stains fibrohistiocytic cells (cytoplasmic)
FXIIIa and CD68
Used to identify angiomyolipoma, clear cell sarcomas, PEComas (perivascular epithelioid cell tumor), and others; also epithelioid and metastatic melanomas

Normally stains immature melanocytes (cytoplasmic)
HMB45
Used to identify rhabdomyosarcoma

Normally stains regenerating, but not normal, skeletal muscle (cytoplasmic)
Myogenin
Used to identify cellular schwannoma, granular cell tumors, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), chondrosarcoma, melanomas (all types), astrocytoma

Normally stains Glial cells, melanocytes, dendritic and Langerhans cells, other mesenchymal cells (nuclear and cytoplasmic)
S100
Used as an internal control for immunoreactivity and antigen preservation (the “pan-keratin” of soft tissue)

Normally stains most mesenchymal cells (cytoplasmic), including fibroblasts, endothelium, smooth muscle
Vimentin
Used to identify desmoplastic small round cell tumor, also Wilms’ tumor

Normally stains a tumor suppressor gene in developing nephrons; nephrogenic rests and adult glomerular podocytes (nuclear)
WT-1
Used to identify medullary carcinoma of thyroid

Normally stains C cells of the thyroid (cytoplasm and extracellular material)
Calcitonin
Used to identify metastatic thyroid carcinoma

Normally stains thyroid follicles (cytoplasmic)
Thyroglobulin
Used to identify thyroid carcinoma, including follicular, papillary, and medullary; also nonsquamous carcinoma of lung (adenocarcinoma and small cell)

Normally stains a transcription factor in lung and thyroid (nuclear)
TTF-1