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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Used to identify endothelial differentiation or angiosarcoma; most specific endothelial marker
Normally stains endothelial cells and megakaryocytes (cytoplasmic and membranous), also macrophages |
CD31
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Used to identify vascular sarcomas, Kaposi's sarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), solitary fibrous tumor, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), epithelioid sarcoma, plus some other soft tissue tumors. Synovial sarcoma is negative
Normally stains endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and hematopoietic blasts (cytoplasmic and membranous) |
CD34
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Used to identify endothelial differentiation, specific but not very sensitive
Normally stains endothelial cells, megakaryocytes, platelets (cytoplasmic) |
FVIII
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Used to identify meningioma, perineuroma, chordoma, mesothelioma, sebaceous carcinoma, plus some sarcomas (synovial sarcoma, epithelioid sarcoma) and plasma cell neoplasms. Germ cell tumors (excluding some teratomas) are negative
Entities that are positive for this stain and keratin negative: meningioma, perineuroma, plasma cell myeloma Normally stains epithelial, perineural, meningothelial cells (cytoplasmic or membranous) |
EMA
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Used to identify astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), and ependymoma; also myoepithelial tumors of salivary gland. Oligodendroglioma and neuroblastoma are negative
Normally stains glial cells (cytoplasmic) |
GFAP
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Used to identify neural differentiation but not very specific (not the same as nonspecific esterase, an enzyme assay for heme path). Sensitive for neuroblastoma
Normally stains neuroectodermal and neuroendocrine cells (cytoplasmic) |
NSE (neuronal-specific enolase)
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Used to identify cellular schwannoma, astrocytomas/GBM, granular cell tumor, chordoma, ependymoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), and melanocytic lesions (all types). Breast cancer may also be positive
Normally stains glial cells, Schwann cells, dendritic and Langerhans cells, melanocytes, other mesenchymal cells (nuclear and cytoplasmic) |
S100
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Used to identify carcinoids, paraganglioma, pheochromocytomas, small cell, medullary carcinoma of thyroid, neuroblastoma, islet cell tumors, others. Differentiates neural differentiation (positive) from glial (negative)
Normally stains neuroendocrine cells (cytoplasmic) |
Synaptophysin
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Used to identify ductal breast lesions; loss of staining identifies lobular carcinoma (in situ and invasive)
Normally stains ductal and lobular cells (membranous) |
E-cadherin
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Used to identify metastatic breast cancer, some gynecologic tumors, and others; also for breast cancer prognosis (predicts response to tamoxifen)
Normally stains estrogen receptor (nuclear) and progesterone receptor (nuclear) |
ER and PR
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Used to identify breast carcinoma, also sweat and salivary gland carcinoma
Normally stains apocrine metaplasia of breast and apocrine sweat glands (cytoplasmic) |
GCDFP
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Used to evaluate breast carcinomas (overexpression is a poor prognostic sign but can be treated with Herceptin)
Normally stains growth factor receptor that is only weakly expressed in normal epithelial cells (membranous and cytoplasmic) |
Her2Neu
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Used to gauge mitotic activity for prognosis
Normally stains any proliferating cell (nuclear) |
Ki67 (MIB-1)
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Used to identify the myoepithelial layer of breast and rule out invasive cancer
Normally stains smooth muscle: myoepithelial cells, blood vessels, myofibroblasts (cytoplasmic) |
α-Actin
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Used to identify myoepithelial cells but not endothelium and fi broblasts—cleaner stain than actin/SMMHC; also stains metaplastic carcinoma
Normally stains a tumor supressor gene (nuclear) |
p63
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Used to identify the myoepithelial layer of breast and rule out invasive cancer
Normally stains myoepithelial cells, blood vessels, myofibroblasts (cytoplasmic) |
SMMHC (smooth muscle myosin-heavy chain)
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Used to differentiate usual ductal hyperplasia (positive) from ductal carcinoma in situ (negative) of breast; also stains metaplastic carcinoma
Normally stains myoepithelial cells (cytoplasmic and membranous) and usual duct hyperplasia |
CK903
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Used to identify carcinomas in general; used in conjunction with Cam 5.2 to screen for carcinoma
Normally stains most epithelial cells (cytoplasmic), except cytokeratins 8 and 18 |
AE1-AE3
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Used in conjunction with AE1/AE3 to screen for carcinoma; also to identify hepatocellular carcinoma, some adrenal cortical tumors, and some carcinomas that are negative for other keratins (undifferentiated carcinoma)
Normally stains low- and intermediate-molecular weight keratins 8, 18, and 19 (cytoplasmic) |
Cam 5.2
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Used to differentiate squamous cell carcinoma (positive) or mesothelioma (positive) from adenocarcinoma (negative)
Normally stains two specific high-molecular-weight keratins (cytoplasmic) |
CK5/6
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Used to identify above-the-diaphragm carcinomas; used in combination with CK20 to narrow the differential of carcinoma of unknown origin
Normally stains a specific low-molecular-weight cytokeratin (cytoplasmic) |
CK7
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Used to identify below-the-diaphragm carcinomas and in Merkel cell carcinoma; used in combination with CK7 to narrow the differential of carcinoma of unknown origin
Normally stains a specific low-molecular-weight cytokeratin (cytoplasmic) |
CK20
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Used to identify prostatic basal cells (loss of staining indicates carcinoma), and transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma (positive); also metaplastic breast carcinoma
Normally stains high-molecular-weight keratin (cytoplasmic and membranous) |
CK903 (34ßE12)
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CK7/20 - positive or negative?
Urothelial carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, ovarian mucinous carcinoma |
CK7+ / CK20+
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CK7/20 - positive or negative?
Breast carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, ovarian serous carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, epithelial mesothelioma, thymoma |
CK7+ / CK20-
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CK7/20 - positive or negative?
Colorectal carcinoma, Merkel cell carcinoma |
CK7- / CK20+
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CK7/20 - positive or negative?
Hepatocellular carcinoma, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, neuroendocrine small cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma |
CK7- / CK20-
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Used to identify yolk sac tumor and hepatocellular carcinoma; may also stain other carcinomas
Normally stains fetal tissues (cytoplasmic) |
AFP
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Used to identify seminoma (membranous) and mature teratoma, plus GIST in stomach
Normally stains germ cells, mast cells, interstitial cells of Cajal (cytoplasmic or membranous) |
c-kit
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Used to identify seminoma, yolk sac tumor, and embryonal carcinoma; should be negative in all of them
Normally stains epithelial, perineural, meningothelial cells (membranous) |
EMA
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Used to identify choriocarcinoma and germ cell tumors, some adenocarcinoma
Normally stains human chorionic gonadotropin β-chain (cytoplasmic) in syncytiotrophoblasts |
β-hCG
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Used to identify germ cell tumors, moles, and choriocarcinoma, also some carcinomas
Normally stains trophoblasts (cytoplasmic) |
HPL
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Used to identify embryonal carcinoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL)
Normally stains activated lymphocytes |
Ki-1 (CD30)
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Used to identify germ cell tumors, intratubular germ cell neoplasia, others; does not stain spermatocytic seminoma
Normally stains placenta (cytoplasmic) |
PLAP
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Used to identify nonmucinous ovarian carcinoma (usually negative)
Normally stains mesothelial cells and in the luminal surface of epithelial cells of the fallopian tube, endometrium and endocervix |
CA-125
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Used to identify choriocarcinoma and germ cell tumors
Normally stains human chorionic gonadotropin β-chain (cytoplasmic) in syncytiotrophoblasts |
β-hCG
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Used to identify germ cell tumors, moles, choriocarcinoma, and some carcinomas
Normally stains trophoblasts (cytoplasmic) |
HPL
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Used to identify sex cord stromal tumors (granulosa cell, Sertoli and Leydig) and moles, choriocarcinomas, fibrothecomas, and adrenal cortical tumors
Normally stains granulosa cells, Sertoli cells, others (cytoplasmic) |
Inhibin
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Used to identify placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), choriocarcinoma
Normally stains intermediate trophoblasts |
Melcam (CD146)
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Used to identify serous ovarian carcinoma, mesothelioma, and pancreatic carcinoma (also a target for immunotherapy)
Normally stains mesothelial cells (membranous) |
Mesothelin
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Used to identify high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and HPV lesions of cervix and to differentiate between endocervical (positive) and endometrial (negative) adenocarcinoma
Normally stains cells infected by HPV (nuclear) |
p16
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Used to identify endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (EIC) and serous carcinoma of endometrium
Normally stains a tumor suppressor gene variant that should be absent in normal cells (nuclear) |
p53
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Used to identify a subset of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL); Hodgkin's lymphoma is negative
Normally stains a fusion protein expressed by only lympomatous cells |
ALK
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Used to differentiate follicular lympoma (positive) from reactive follicles (negative); also stains mantle cell lympoma; Burkitt's lymphoma should be negative
Normally inhibits apoptosis and turns off in a germinal center (membranous and cytoplasmic stain) |
bcl-2
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Used to identify lymphomas of follicular origin ( follicular center cell lymphoma (FCC), Burkitt’s lymphoma)
Normally stains germinal center cells (cytoplasmic) |
bcl-6
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Used to identify Langerhans cell proliferations, T-LBL (lymphoblastic lymphoma)
Normally stains thymocytes (immature T cells) and Langerhans cells (membranous) |
CD1a
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Used to identify T-cell lymphomas and leukemias; ___ is also dimly positive in monocytic/histiocytic lesions
Normally stains T cells |
CDs 3, 4, 5, 7, 8
___= CD4 |
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Used to identify follicular center cell (FCC), ALL, lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL), Burkitt’s lymphoma, and CML; MALTomas are negative
Normally stains precursor B and T cells, granulocytes (membranous) |
CD10
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Used to identify B-cells; stains B-cells lymphomas, but plasmacytomas are negative
Normally stains B cells (cytoplasmic and membranous) |
CD20
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Used to identify Reed-Sternberg cells (classic Hodgkin's), some large T-cell lymphomas and mycosis fungoides
Normally stains granulocytes and macrophages (membranous and dot-like perinuclear) |
CD15 (LeuM1)
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Used to identify SLL/CLL; mantle cell lymphomas are negative
Normally stains B cells, IgE receptor (membranous) |
CD23
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Used to identify Reed-Sternberg cells, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), large B- and T-cell lymphomas
Normally stains activated B and T cells, immunoblasts, other nonheme cell types (cytoplasmic, membranous) |
CD30
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Used to identify blasts in the marrow in acute leukemias; also many soft tissue tumors
Normally stains hematolymphoid blasts, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells (cytoplasmic and membranous) |
CD34
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Used to identify poorly differentiated neoplasms as of hematopoietic origin
Normally stains lymphocytes, granulocytes, and histiocytes, but not plasma cells (cytoplasmic, membranous) |
CD45 (CLA/LCA)
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Used to identify natural killer/T-cell lymphomas
Normally stains natural killer cells (membranous) |
CD56
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Used to identify histiocytic origin; also stains soft tissue tumors
Normally stains histiocytes/macrophages/monocytes, granulocytes, others (cytoplasmic, membranous) |
CD68
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Used to identify B-cell neoplasms negative for other B-cell markers; stains B-ALL and B lymphomas, myelomas
Normally stains B cells and plasma cells (membranous) |
CD79a
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Used to identify plasma cell neoplasms
Normally stains plasma cells (membranous), epithelial cells |
CD138
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Used to identify mantle cell lymphoma
Normally stains nucleus in mantle cell lymphoma |
cyclin D1
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Used to identify nasopharyngeal carcinoma, posttransplantation/AIDS lymphomas; also mononucleosis; these are EBV-related tumors
Normally stains EBV RNA in infected B cells (nuclear) |
EBV EBER
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Used to identify megakaryocytic leukemias
Normally stains megakaryocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells, (cytoplasmic) |
FVIII (vWF)
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Used to identify erythroid leukemias (rare)
Normally stains hemoglobin in erythroid cells (cytoplasmic) |
hemoglobin
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Used to identify a monoclonal population of B or plasma cells, when it is restricted to this type of staining
Normally stains light chain of immunoglobulins in plasma cells and B cells (cytoplasmic) |
Kappa and lambda
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Used to gauge mitotic activity and identify Burkitt’s lymphoma (100% positivity)
Normally stains any proliferating cell (nuclear) |
Ki67 (MIB-1)
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Used to identify AML and myeloid sarcoma (chloroma)
Normally stains enzyme granules in myeloid-lineage cells (cytoplasmic) |
MPO
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Used to identify large B-cell lymphoma (LBL) and ALL
Normally stains immature lymphocytes (nuclear) |
TdT
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Used to identify renal cell carcinoma
Normally stains proximal renal tubules (cytoplasmic) |
RCC (gp200/RTA)
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Used to identify Xp11-translocation RCC and alveolar soft part sarcoma
Normally stains a transcription factor (nuclear) |
TFE3
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Used to identify t(6:11) renal cell carcinoma
Normally stains a transcription factor (nuclear) |
TFE3B
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Used to identify TCC, mesothelioma, some vascular tumors
Normally stains both endothelial (cytoplasmic) and mesothelial (membranous) cells |
Thrombomodulin
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Used to identify Wilms’ tumor; also mesothelioma, desmoplastic small round cell tumor
Normally stains a tumor suppressor gene in developing nephrons; nephrogenic rests and adult glomerular podocytes (nuclear) |
WT-1
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Used to highlight globules of α1-antitrypsin disease; not specific to a tumor
Normally stains histiocytes and reticulum cells (cytoplasmic) |
α1-antitrypsin
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Used to identify HCC and yolk sac tumors; may also stain other carcinomas
Normally stains fetal tissues (granular cytoplasmic) |
AFP
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Used to identify colon cancer, abdominal fibromatosis, and solid pseudopapillary tumor of pancreas (positive)
Normally stains APC-binding protein present in most cells (only nuclear staining is significant; indicates a mutation in APC or β-catenin) |
β-Catenin
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Used to identify a canalicular pattern in HCC
Normally stains liver canaliculi, brush border of small bowel, other tissues |
CD10
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Used to identify a canalicular pattern in HCC (not seen with mCEA); also stains lung, colon, pancreatic carcinoma
Normally stains fetal tissues and adenocarcinomas (cytoplasmic) |
pCEA
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Used to identify pancreatic carcinoma (55% of in situ or invasive cancers exhibit loss of staining)
Normally stains most normal tissues (cytoplasmic) |
DPC-4 (clone B8)
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Used to predict response to Erbitux (a monoclonal antibody) in advanced colon cancer
Normally stains hepatocytes, perineurium in peripheral nerves, squamous epithelium |
EGFR
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Used to identify HCC (mod to poorly diff = loss)
Normally stains mitochondria in normal hepatocytes (granular cytoplasmic stain) |
HepPar1 (OCH1E5)
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Used to differentiate mesothelioma (negative) from carcinoma (positive)
Normally stains epithelial cells (membranous) |
BerEP4
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Used to differentiate mesothelioma (negative) from adenocarcinoma (positive)
Normally stains fetal tissues and mucin-secreting glandular tissues (cytoplasmic) |
mCEA and pCEA
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Used to differentiate epithelial mesothelioma (positive) from carcinoma (negative)
Normally stains various neural and epithelial cells (cytoplasmic and nuclear) |
Calretinin
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Used to differentiate mesothelioma (negative) from adenocarcinoma (positive)
Normally stains hematopoietic cells and some carcinomas (membranous and cytoplasmic) |
LeuM1 (CD15)
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Used to differentiate nonsquamous carcinoma of lung origin (including adenocarcinoma, small cell, and neuroendocrine/all positive) from nonpulmonary (negative)
Normally stains a transcription factor in lung and thyroid (nuclear) |
TTF-1
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Used to differentiate epithelial mesothelioma (positive) from carcinomas (negative)
Normally stains mesothelium (nuclear) |
WT-1
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Used to identify epithelioid melanoma, metastatic melanoma, angiomyolipoma, clear cell sarcoma, perivascular epithelioid cell tumors, and others; less sensitive than other markers for melanoma
Normally stains immature melanocytes (cytoplasmic) |
HMB45
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Used to identify melanoma (mainly epithelioid)
Normally stains melanocytes (cytoplasmic) |
MART-1/Melan-A (N2-7C10 clone)
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Used to identify melanoma (mainly epithelioid) and angiomyolipoma; labels steroid cell tumors (adrenocortical tumors, Sertoli and Leydig cell tumors)
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Melan-A (A103 clone)
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Used to identify melanoma and melanocytic tumors, also angiomyolipoma
Normally stains melanocytes (nuclear) |
MitF
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Used to identify nevi and melanoma (all types, most sensitive), cellular schwannoma, granular cell tumor, glial neoplasms; not used to screen lymph nodes, as normal dendritic cells are positive
Normally stains melanocytes, glial cells, dendritic and Langerhans cells, other mesenchymal cells (nuclear and cytoplasmic) |
S100 protein
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Used to differentiate pheochromocytoma (positive) from adrenal cortical carcinoma (negative) or to identify carcinoids, small cell, Merkel cell, and islet cell tumors
Normally stains neurosecretory granules (cytoplasmic, granular) in endocrine tissues and neurons |
Chromogranin
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Used to identify adrenal cortical tumors, stromal sex cord tumors (granulosa cell, Sertoli and Leydig), fibrothecomas
Normally stains adrenal cortical cells (cytoplasmic) |
Inhibin
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Used to identify carcinoids, paragangliomas, pheochromocytomas, small cell carcinoma, medullary
carcinoma of thyroid, neuroblastoma, islet cell tumors, others Normally stains neuroendocrine cells (cytoplasmic), neuromuscular junction, Merkel cells |
Synaptophysin
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Used to identify products of neuroendocrine tumors, such as islet cell tumors and others
Normally stains cells that these respective hormones (cytoplasmic) |
insulin, somatostatin, gastrin, glucagon, parathyroid hormone, etc.
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Used to identify prostatic basal cells (loss of staining indicates carcinoma) and TCC (positive)
Normally stains high-molecular-weight keratin (cytoplasmic and membranous) in basal cells |
CK903 (34ßE12)
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Used to identify prostate basal cells (loss of staining indicates carcinoma)
Normally stains prostatic gland basal cells (nuclear) |
p63
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Used to identify metastatic or ambiguous prostate cancer; seminal vesicle is negative
Normally stains prostatic epithelium (cytoplasmic), but also salivary gland |
PSA
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Used to identify metastatic or ambiguous prostate cancer and transitional cell carcinoma; also stains rectal carcinoids
Normally stains prostatic epithelium (cytoplasmic) |
PSAP (PAP)
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Used to confirm prostate carcinoma; also stains nephrogenic adenoma of bladder
Normally stains prostate carcinoma |
Racemase (p504s)
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Used to identify smooth muscle differentiation, leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma; rhabdomyosarcoma is usually negative
Normally stains smooth muscle actin (cytoplasmic) |
α-Actin
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Used to identify muscle differentiation
Normally stains smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle, myoepithelial cells (cytoplasmic) |
Actin (HHF-35)
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Used to identify GIST, also seminoma, mature teratoma, and AML
Normally stains mast cells, interstitial cells of Cajal (cytoplasmic and membranous) |
c-kit
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Used to identify GIST, solitary fibrous tumor (SFT), dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), and vascular
sarcomas plus other soft tissue tumors Normally stains fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and hematopoietic blasts (cytoplasmic and membranous) |
CD34
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Used to identify primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)/Ewing’s sarcoma, lymphocytes in thymoma, plus other sarcomas and hematologic tumors. Neuroblastoma is negative
Normally stains a variety of mesenchymal cells (membranous) |
CD99 (O13)
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Used to identify muscle differentiation, including rhabdomyosarcoma, some leiomyosarcomas, and others
Normally stains intermediate fi laments in smooth, striated, and cardiac muscle (cytoplasmic) |
Desmin
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Used to identify some sarcomas (synovial sarcoma, epithelioid sarcoma) plus chordoma, meningioma, mesothelioma, perineural tumors, and plasma cell tumors
Normally stains epithelial, perineural, meningeal cells (cytoplasmic or membranous) |
EMA
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Used to identify fibrohistiocytic tumors, such as malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) and dermatofibroma, giant cell tumor of tendon sheath
Normally stains fibrohistiocytic cells (cytoplasmic) |
FXIIIa and CD68
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Used to identify angiomyolipoma, clear cell sarcomas, PEComas (perivascular epithelioid cell tumor), and others; also epithelioid and metastatic melanomas
Normally stains immature melanocytes (cytoplasmic) |
HMB45
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Used to identify rhabdomyosarcoma
Normally stains regenerating, but not normal, skeletal muscle (cytoplasmic) |
Myogenin
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Used to identify cellular schwannoma, granular cell tumors, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), chondrosarcoma, melanomas (all types), astrocytoma
Normally stains Glial cells, melanocytes, dendritic and Langerhans cells, other mesenchymal cells (nuclear and cytoplasmic) |
S100
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Used as an internal control for immunoreactivity and antigen preservation (the “pan-keratin” of soft tissue)
Normally stains most mesenchymal cells (cytoplasmic), including fibroblasts, endothelium, smooth muscle |
Vimentin
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Used to identify desmoplastic small round cell tumor, also Wilms’ tumor
Normally stains a tumor suppressor gene in developing nephrons; nephrogenic rests and adult glomerular podocytes (nuclear) |
WT-1
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Used to identify medullary carcinoma of thyroid
Normally stains C cells of the thyroid (cytoplasm and extracellular material) |
Calcitonin
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Used to identify metastatic thyroid carcinoma
Normally stains thyroid follicles (cytoplasmic) |
Thyroglobulin
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Used to identify thyroid carcinoma, including follicular, papillary, and medullary; also nonsquamous carcinoma of lung (adenocarcinoma and small cell)
Normally stains a transcription factor in lung and thyroid (nuclear) |
TTF-1
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