Immunology: Test 2: 9. Bacterial Growth/metabolism

Front 1

• Where does the electron transport change occur for eukaryotes?

Back 1

Electrons pass through the chain (cytochromes and flavoproteins) located in the cytoplamic membrane in mitochondria

Front 2

• Substrate level phosphorylation is what?

Back 2

• : a phosphorylated intermediate is converted to a high energy phosphate bond which reacts with ADP to form ATP

Front 3

• Chemiosmosis (PMF): is what?

Back 3

• protons are ejected out of the cell during respiration creating an energy gradient which drives protons back into the cell through ATPase generating ATP from ADP

Front 4

• Active transport

Back 4

• Move something against gradient at the cost of energy

Front 5

• Group translocation

Back 5

• Phosphorylation makes it seem like the substance isn’t in the cell, facilitating further entry

Front 6

• How do bacteria reproduce?

Back 6

• Grow to 2x their size
• Divide by binary fission

Front 7

• What direction does DNA replication occur in E. Coli

Back 7

• Begins at origin and proceeds in both directions

Front 8

• How does replication happen so fast in bacteria?

Back 8

• Multifork replication (more sites to begin replication)

Front 9

• How long does replication take for E. Coli?

Back 9

• 40 min

Front 10

• What are the phases of growth in bacteria (4) describe them briefly

Back 10

• Lag: making enzymes to breakdown material in liquid medium
• Exponential: use up the material
• Stationary: has used the material and is chillin
• Death

Front 11

• What is the streak plate method?

Back 11

• Flame loop between each set of streaks (or flip loop over with today’s sterile disposable loop)
• Dilutes inoculum
• Yields single cells which after incubation give rise to isolated colonies
• For growth on a solid surface

Front 12

• What do bacteria need to grow?

Back 12

• All are heterotrophic: need preformed hydrocarbons like sugars in order to grow

Front 13

• What does it mean that bacteria are heterotrophic?

Back 13

• need preformed hydrocarbons like sugars in order to grow

Front 14

• What do E. Coli need in order to grow?

Back 14

• only inorganic salts and source of nitrogen (ammonium salt)

Front 15

• Some bacteria like Streptococcus require what?

Back 15

• more complex media (vitamins, amino acids, purines, etc.)

Front 16

• bacteria that require a very enriched medium to grow are termed

Back 16

• fastidious (Neisseria, Haemophilus)

Front 17

• please describe bacteria that are Strict aerobes

Back 17

• (eg. Neisseria or Pseudomonas)
• Respiration by electron transport chain → terminal electron acceptor is O2
• Cytochrome oxidase enzyme

Front 18

• 2 Example of strict aerobes?

Back 18

• Neisseria or Pseudomonas

Front 19

• Example of a Obligate anaerobe?

Back 19

• Clostridium

Front 20

• Please describe Obligate anaerobes

Back 20

• Fermentation: terminal electron acceptor is an organic metabolic intermediate → organic acids (lactic acid)
• Usually lack superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase enzymes
• DIE WITH O2

Front 21

• Describe Facultative anaerobes

Back 21

• grow aerobically in presence of oxygen and anaerobically in absence of oxygen (eg. E. coli)

Front 22

• please give an example of a Facultative anaerobe

Back 22

• E. Coli

Front 23

• Please describe aerotolerant organisms

Back 23

• tolerate oxygen but grow fermentatively

Front 24

• What is an example of an aerotolerant organism

Back 24

• most Streptococcus

Front 25

• What is the importance of iron for bacteria?

Back 25

• Essential for bacterial growth

Front 26

• What are siderophores?

Back 26

• iron chelating compounds
• secreted by bacteria
• gives them competitive advantage

Front 27

• GO OVER SYNTHESIS OF BACTERIAL WALL

Back 27

(he said you wouldn’t need to know that much detail on it, but he went over it all… great)

Front 28

• What are b-lactams?

Back 28

• Disrupts cell wall
• bind to transpeptidase

• Penicillins
• Cephalosporins
• Carbepenems

note: Transpeptidase (TP) enzymes reform the peptide cross links for the cell wall

Front 29

• What is Vancomycin

Back 29

• bind to peptides of ppg monomers and block transglycosidase
• Disrupts cell wall

Transglycosidase (TG) enzyme insert and link monomers into the new ppg, so you are disrupting this activity

Front 30

•
• what is Bacitracin

Back 30

• blocks dephosphoralization of bactoprenol phosphate
• Disrupts cell wall

Bactoprenol phosphate is responsible for the transport ppg monomers across cell membrane, thus bacitracin disrupts formation of cell wall

Front 31

• what is Cycloserine

Back 31

• an anologue of D-ala, blocks addition of dipeptide to UDP-NAM
• Disrupts cell wall

Front 32

• what is fosfomycin?

Back 32

• inhibits phosphoenopyruvate transferase and prevents formations of NAM
• Disrupts cell wall

Front 33

• What blocks the initiaiting complex of the ribosome cycle?

Back 33

• Linezolid

Front 34

• 30S inhibitors?

Back 34

• Tetracycline
• Aminoglycosides

Front 35

• 50S inhibitors

Back 35

• Macrolides
• Chloramphenicol

Front 36

• What do Fluoroquinolones do?

Back 36

• inhibits DNA gyrase or topoisomerase

Front 37

• Metronidazole does what

Back 37

• Disrupts DNA helical structure under anaerobic conditions

Front 38

• Rifampin does what

Back 38

• Binds to RNA polymerase
antibiotic

Front 39

• Sulfonamides do what?

Back 39

• Blocks synthesis of dihydropteroic acid
• Folate antagonists

Front 40

• Trimethoprim does what

Back 40

• Blocks synthesis of tetrahydofolate
• Folate antagonists

Front 41

• Polymyxins do what

Back 41

• Interact with phopholipids
• Disrupt cytoplasm membrane

Front 42

• Define sterilize; how is it done

Back 42

• to destroy all life - autoclave at 121oC for 15 min

Front 43

• Define disinfect

Back 43

• to sanitize -reduce the number of pathogens to a safe level

Front 44

• Define decontaminate

Back 44

• to render a microbe laden surface safe to handle

Front 45

• Define antisepsis

Back 45

• to kill microorganisms on living tissue