Immunology: Test 2: 8. Bacterial Anatomy

Front 1

is there an ER in a bacteria?

Back 1

no

Front 2

is there a nucleus surrounding the DNA in bacteria?

Back 2

no

Front 3

what is bacteria loaded with?

Back 3

ribosomes

Front 4

please describe the chromosome of bacteria

Back 4

single closed circle of double stranded DNA

Front 5

What is a plasmid?

Back 5

small circular piece of DNA in bacteria

often carrying genes for antibiotic resistance or toxin production, etc.

Front 6

please describe the structure of DNA

Back 6

structure consists of double helix, sugar phosphate backbone, and bases

Front 7

please describe the cytoplasm of bacteria.

What is located here?

Back 7

packed with ribosomes

30s + 50s yields 70s (there is a difference in ribosomes in the eukaryote! this is a site of attack for antibiotics)

Front 8

what are polysomes?

Back 8

groups of ribosomes found in the cytoplasm of bacteria

Front 9

what are inclusion bodies?

Back 9

storage granules and gas vacuoles

found in cytoplasm of bacteria

Front 10

what is the difference in the cell wall btw gram positive and gram negative

Back 10

gram positive is WAY THICKER (20-40x)

Front 11

where do you find an O antigen? what is it made of?

Back 11

on a gram negative outer membrane

it is a polysaccharide

Front 12

what actually causes the immune response to gram-negative bacteria?

Back 12

Lipid A on the outer cell wall of the bacteria leads to response

Front 13

what is a murein layer?

Back 13

is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of bacteria forming the cell wall

Front 14

where do lysozymes affect bacteria?

Back 14

at the murein layer (cell wall)

Front 15

what bacteria, gram negative or positive has an outer and inner membrane?

Back 15

gram-negative

Front 16

what is the periplasm?

Back 16

space inbetween the inner and outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

Front 17

What allows entry of nutrient molecules to gram negative bacteria?

Back 17

porins

Front 18

what are endotoxins associated with?

Back 18

bacteria

is secreted only when the cell is lysed or during bacterial cell division

Front 19

which has a thicker murein layer, gram negative or positive?

Back 19

positive

Front 20

what is the envelope of a bacteria cell?

Back 20

membrane and everything outside

Front 21

what is a Mycoplasma

Back 21

Bacteria that lacks cell wall (cytoplasmic membrane only)

Front 22

if you have a smooth (S) strain of bacteria, what does this mean

Back 22

Encapsulated strains

Front 23

if you have a rough (R) strain of bacteria, what does this mean

Back 23

nonencapsulated strains

Front 24

what are the two types of appendages that are seen on bacteria

Back 24

pili (fimbriae)

flagella

Front 25

what is the function of Pili?

Back 25

Common type responsible for attachment
Sex type involved in genetic transfer

Front 26

what is the function of Flagella

Back 26

Provides motility
Driven by proton motive force (pmf)

Front 27

what provides chemotaxis for bacteria

Back 27

it is actually the flagella!

Front 28

describe the movement of flagella on bacteria

Back 28

clockwise: tumble in random fashion

counterclockwise: swim straight

in absence of attractant or repellant they alternate indifferently between swimming and tumbling

Front 29

what 2 species are spores found in?

Back 29

Bacillus and Clostridium

Front 30

what induces sporulation?

Back 30

starvation

Front 31

how do spores form? hahahah rhyme time

Back 31

membrane between 2 parts of cell
Forespore develops
Thickened wall develops containing dipicolinic acid (calcium chelator) → ionic cross-linking, dehydration, and shrinking
Cells lyses and releases spore

Front 32

describe the size difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Back 32

Bacteria are prokaryotic and relatively small ~1-3 microns

Everything else are eukaryotic and are 10-100 times larger

Front 33

Oraganelles

present in eukaryotes? prokaryotes?

Back 33

Eu: mitochondria, ER, Golgi, etc

Pro: none

Front 34

Nucleus

present in eukaryotes? prokaryotes?

Back 34

Eu: membrane bounded, many individual chromosomes

Pro: no membrane, single circular chromosome

Front 35

Cell wall

present in eukaryotes? prokaryotes?

Back 35

Eu: no cell wall

Pro: rigid peptidoglycan layer

Front 36

Extra-chromosomal DNA

location in eukaryotes? prokaryotes?

Back 36

Eu: in organelles

Pro: in plasmids

Front 37

cytoplasmic membrane

function in eukaryotes? prokaryotes?

Back 37

eu: no real function

Pro: site of respiration

Front 38

Ribosomes

type/location in eukaryotes? prokaryotes?

Back 38

Eu: 80s on ER

Pro: 70s in cytoplasm

Front 39

define Mutualism

Back 39

a mutually beneficial association (some normal flora organisms)

Front 40

define Commensalism

Back 40

one organism may benifit but neither is harmed (most normal flora organisms)

Front 41

define Parasitism

Back 41

one organism lives at the expense of the other and may do harm (pathogen)

Front 42

define Host

Back 42

provides habitat for another

Front 43

define Pathogen

Back 43

organism that can cause damage or disease within the host

Front 44

define Pathogenicity:

Back 44

ability to inflict damage

Front 45

define Virulence

Back 45

relative degree of pathogenicity

Front 46

define Determinants of virulence

Back 46

genetic, biochemical, and structural features that enable a pathogen to inflict damage

Front 47

where are some of the locations of normal flora?

Back 47

Skin
Mouth and nose
Urogenital tract
Intestinal tract
Eye

Front 48

what are the 2 mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity?

Back 48

Invasiveness

Toxigenesis

Front 49

Size and morphology are 2 ways to do what for bacteria?

Back 49

Classify them

Front 50

the 2 Forms of Gram + are?

Back 50

Cocci and Rods

Front 51

3 forms of Gram -

Back 51

spiral
rods
cocci

Front 52

acid fast bacteria are?

Back 52

mycobacteria

Front 53

there are 2 intracellular bacterias please list them

Back 53

chlamydia
rickettsia

Front 54

what is the wall-less bacteria we need to konw?

Back 54

mycoplasma

Front 55

Treponema and Borrelia are what?

Back 55

spiral gram negative bacteria

Front 56

Pseudomonas, E. coli, Haemophilus, Bacteroides, etc

are what?

Back 56

rod gram negative bacteria

Front 57

Neisseria is what?

Back 57

cocci gram negative bacteria

Front 58

Corynebacteria and Listeria are what

Back 58

rod gram + bacteria

Front 59

Staphylococcus and Streptococcus are what

Back 59

Gram positive cocci