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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are B-lactamase and Aminoglycoside examples of
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mechanisms by which the bacteria can degrade or alter the antiboitic
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the efflux pump on a bacteria will prevent the activity of what antiboitic?
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Tetracycline
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direction of growth of DNA replication occurs in what direction
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5' to 3'
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what is meant by semiconservative replication?
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double strand of DNA contains one old and one new strand
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please list some ways mutations can occur?
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Base Substitution
Frame Shift Deletions Inversions Duplications Insertions |
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what are Spontaneous mutations
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mistakes in normal replication) occur about 1 per 106-109 cells
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what is an Induced mutation
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mutation caused by mutagens (chemical, physical or biological)
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what happens If a mutation provides a selective advantage?
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the mutant population will quickly dominate!
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What is horizontal gene transfer?
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Genetic Recombination in Bacteria
Part of chromosome is transferred from a donor to recipient cell Must recombine as a double crossover to be passed on to progeny |
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what is bacterial transformation
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Donor cell releases free DNA by lysis
DNA attaches to a recipient cell where it is cut into small pieces and reduced to a single strand Genes on the single strand recombine with the recipient’s chromosome |
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what is bacterial conjugation?
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Certain plasmids (F) can transfer themselves
Occasionally the plasmid integrates itself into the chromosome (Hfr) When the plasmid is transferred to another cell it drags along the chromosome with it Integration occurs via a double crossover |
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if a bacteria does NOT have a capsule, is it virulent?
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noooo
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What is a resistance (R) plasmid?
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Conjugative plasmid
Replication and transfer genes *****Multiple resistance genes against antibiotics Resistant genes are often parts of transposons*** |
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Where do gram negative bacterias get there antibacterial resistance from?
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R-plasmids
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what is transduction?
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Transfer of genes from one bacteria cell to another by means of a phage
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what is Generalized transduction
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transfers any bacteria gene
Transfer of genes from one bacteria cell to another by means of a phage basically: get replication |
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what is Specialized transduction
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transfers only genes adjacent to site of integration
Transfer of genes from one bacteria cell to another by means of a phage |
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What is a tranposon?
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jumping gene
Carry both insertion sequences plus other genes Often confer a selective advantage like antibiotic resistance |
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does a transposon involve an RNA intermediate?
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no! only retrotransposons do
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do transposons move by "cut and paste" or "copy and paste"
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cut and paste
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a transposon is an example of what?
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a biological mutagen
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what does over use of antibiotics lead to?
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rapid development of antibiotic resistance
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what effect do R plasmids have on antibiotics?
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they resist their effective use
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what effect do transposons have on the ability of antibiotics to work?
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transposons increase Antibiotic Resistance
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how can we slow antibiotic resistance? 2
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make NEW classes of antibiotics
stop overusing/misusing antibiotics |
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Staphylococcus aureus is resistant to what (that we used to use to treat it)
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Methicillin
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Enterococcus is resistant to what?
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vancomycin
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Streptococcus pneumoniae is resistant to what?
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Penicillin
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