Immunology: Test 2: 12. Medical Mycology

Front 1

what is the role of fungi in nature?

Back 1

eat up dead stuff

natures recyclers

Front 2

do fungi cause many disease in humans?

Back 2

shit naw! fungi are our friends for the most part, they like dead organic material

over 100,000 species;
~175 cause disease
in man, ~30 commonly

Front 3

Why can't most fungal species effect humans? 3

Back 3

cannot overcome body temperature,

reduced oxidation/reduction environment of tissue,

and/or non-specific and specific host defenses

Front 4

where do we see the must fungal infections in humans?

Back 4

on the skin, because it avoids the high temperature

Front 5

if exposed to fungi repeatedly what can happen?

Back 5

they can begin to act as allergens

think about when drywall gets wet and you breath in the fungi all the time

Front 6

comparing bacteria vs. fungi

Cell type (prokaryotic, eukaryotic)

Back 6

Bacteria: Prokaryotic

Fungi: Eukaryotic (has nucleus, chromosomes)

Front 7

comparing bacteria vs. fungi

cell interactions

Back 7

Bacteria: unicellular

Fungi: uni or multicellular (mold state); able to differentiate

Front 8

comparing bacteria vs. fungi

cell membrane

Back 8

Bacteria: no sterols

Fungi: no cholesterol (ergosterol)

different enough from cholesterol that our treatments target ergosterol and look to inhibit its synthesis

Front 9

What is the importance of knowing that fungi do not have cholesterol on their cell membrane?

Back 9

Fungi: no cholesterol (ergosterol)

different enough from cholesterol that our treatments target ergosterol and look to inhibit its synthesis

Front 10

comparing bacteria vs. fungi

cell wall

Back 10

Bacteria: peptidoglycan

Fungi: peptidomannan, glucan, chitin, cellulose, chitosan

Front 11

comparing bacteria vs. fungi

Metabolism

Back 11

Bacteria: autotrophic (inorganic) or heterotrophic

Fungi: heterotrophic only (prefer dead organic matter)

Front 12

Candins, pradimicins, nikkomycins target what to fight fungal infections?

Back 12

the cell wall of the fungi (peptidomannan, glucan, chitin, cellulose, chitosan)

Front 13

comparing bacteria vs. fungi

O2 requirements

Back 13

Bacteria: aerobic/anaerobic/faculative

Fungi: AEROBIC ONLY

Front 14

comparing bacteria vs. fungi

Reproduction

Back 14

Bacteria: asexual (fission)

Fungi: asexual (conidia, spores) and sexual spores

Front 15

what are the 2 classifications of fungi?

Back 15

Septate: cross walls between the cells

Non-septate (coenocytic): no crosswalls between the cells

Front 16

Yeast form of fungi are what kind of cellular (uni/multi)

Back 16

unicellular

Front 17

How do yeasts reproduce?

Back 17

asexually by budding

Front 18

fungal pathogens that grow in our body are typically in what form?

Back 18

yeast (as opposed to mold)

Front 19

mold form of fungi are what kind of cellular (uni/multi)

Back 19

multicellular

Front 20

are molds typically going to harm us?

Back 20

not really, unless they can convert into yeast

Front 21

what are hyphae?

Back 21

Molds - multicellular, grow as long, tubelike extensions of the cell wall (hyphae)

Front 22

mycelia are?

Back 22

Multiple, intertwined hyphae

Front 23

what is meant by dimorphism seen in fungi?

Back 23

ability of a fungus to grow as a yeast or a mold depending upon environmental conditions. Most pathogens grow as yeasts at body temperature (37C), molds in their natural soil environment (25C). Not all fungi are dimorphic (e.g., Aspergillus).

Front 24

asexual reproduction

Back 24

via mitosis- as in budding (yeast); single cell removal and regeneration (arthroconidia);

Generation of spores, aka conidia. Major entity of infection.

Spore morphology the major means of fungal identification

Front 25

what is the proper term for spores?

what is important about these?

Back 25

conidia

Major entity of infection

Front 26

do sexual or asexual spores lead to infection?

Back 26

asexual conidia

Front 27

do yeast release spores?

Back 27

no they bud!

spores can reproduce as yeast cells though

Front 28

what is a Sabouraud's agar

Back 28

limits or prohibits growth of
most bacteria and allows growth of fungus

Front 29

what type of agar would you run to confirm a fungal infection?

Back 29

Sabouraud's agar

Front 30

KOH digestion and microscopy allow what?

Back 30

Direct visualization of fungi
from tissue samples (hair and/or skin scrapings, sputum,
biopsies) can lead to rapid presumptive diagnosis

used for superficial fungal infection

Front 31

what is Wood's Lamp?

Back 31

a light that can demonstrate hair/skin infections by the fluorescence given off under UV

Front 32

if someone has a fungal infection of the hair what do you do for the pt?

Back 32

shave the hair off

Front 33

Trichophyton tonsurans is a fungal infection that stopped the use of this diagnostic tool...

Back 33

the wood's lamp

because it is on the scalp and does not fluoresce

Front 34

what is the pathogenesis of fungal infection

Back 34

adapt to tissue environment and temperature (body and
fever range), and withstand the lytic activity of host cellular
defenses.


basically adapt to heat, and grow on us

immune response causes symptoms

Front 35

what species are best at adhering?

Back 35

Candida that
adhere best to epithelial cells
are most often isolated from
infections

Front 36

2 methods of invasion for fungi?

Back 36

Mechanical introduction or inhalation of spores

Front 37

are most fungi resistant to phagocytosis?

Back 37

noooooppeersss! they are some broke ass busters

Front 38

What causes tissue injury with fungi?

Back 38

of inflammatory and immune responses to fungal presence

and some rare allergic reactions

Front 39

how do we acquire fungal infections?

Back 39

environment or normal flora,

RARE:
animal-human, human-human.

Front 40

what are teh only communicable fungus infections?

Back 40

ones on the skin (eating up our dead skin cells)

Front 41

what are the 5clinical classifications of fungal infections

Back 41

superficial

Cutaneous

Subcutaneous

Systemic

Oppurtunistic

Front 42

if you have a clinical fungus that is superficial, what is it doing?

Back 42

it is eating up the sweat

no cellular response, cosmetic only

Front 43

if you have a clinical fungus that is cutaneous, what is it doing?

what causes the response?

Back 43

eat both live and dead keratin, don't respond immunologically, respond to metabolic products

living tissue is not invaded;

organisms colonize the
keratinized stratum corneum because of their keratinolytic
ability. Disease is as a result of the reaction of the host to the
percutaneous absorption of the metabolic products of the
fungus (inflammation, DTH reactions). Commonly called
tineas or ringworm.

Front 44

ring worm is superficial or cutaneous?

Back 44

cutaneous

due to metabolic products of fungi eating skin

Front 45

What are the 3 major fungal genera:

Back 45

Trichophyton

Microsporum,

Epidermophyton.

Front 46

describe subcutaneous fungal infection;

what does it require?

Back 46

- usually requires
implantation (splinters, thorns,
animal or insect bites).

Adaptation of organism to
tissue environment requires
relatively long periods of time.
Can be chronically progressive

Front 47

describe systemic fungal infection

Back 47

are inherently virulent

require SIGNIFICANT exposure to fungal spores

usually seen due to breathing it in

normally immunosuppressed

often self resolving and asymptomatic

Front 48

describe opportunistic fungal infection

Back 48

fungal infections in patients with Impaired host defenses, or alterations in normal bacterial flora