Immunology Exam I

Front 1

Immunity

Back 1

State of protection against foreign pathogens

Front 2

Commensal flora

Back 2

Microbial species that live in human gut; accounts for ~10lbs

Front 3

Microbiota

Back 3

Community of microbial species that inhibit a particular niche in the human body

Front 4

Vaccination/Immunization

Back 4

Severe disease prevented by prior exposure to infectious agent in a form that can't cause disease

Front 5

Innate immunity

Back 5

Induced against General microbial recognition molecules

Front 6

Innate Immunity (1st line of defense)

Back 6

*Intact skin

*Mucous membranes and their secretions

*Normal microbiota

Front 7

Innate immunity (2nd line of defense)

Back 7

*NK cells and phagocytic white blood cells

*Inflammation

*Fever

*Antimicrobial substances

Front 8

Adaptive immunity (3rd line of defense)

Back 8

*Specialized lymphocytes: B and T cells

*Antibodies

Front 9

Clonal Selection

Back 9

Process that selects a specific B or T cell with a specific antigen

Front 10

Clonal expansion

Back 10

The specific B or T cell proliferates, differentiates, and acquire various effector and memory phenotypes

Front 11

Small lymphocyte

Back 11

Production of antibodies (B cells) or cytotoxic and helper functions (T cells)

Front 12

Dendritic cell

Back 12

Activation of T cells and intiaiton of adaptive immune response

Front 13

Plasma cell

Back 13

Fully differentiated form of B cell that secrets antibodies

Front 14

Mast cell

Back 14

Expulsion of parasites from body through release of granules containing histamine and other active agents

Front 15

Natural killer cell

Back 15

Kills cells infected with certain viruses

Front 16

Monocyte

Back 16

Circulating precursor cell to macrophage

Front 17

Neutrophil

Back 17

Phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms

Front 18

Macrophage

Back 18

Phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms. Activation of T cells and intiation of immune responses

Front 19

Eosinophil

Back 19

Killing of antibody-coated parasites through release of granule contents

Front 20

Megakaryocyte

Back 20

Platelet formation, wound repair

Front 21

Basophil

Back 21

Controlling immune responses to parasites

Front 22

Erythrocyte

Back 22

Oxygen transport

Front 23

Where are hematopoietic stem cells created during life span?

Back 23

Yolk sac -» fetal liver and spleen -» bone marrow

Front 24

CD8

Back 24

Cytotoxic cell that kills cancer cells and other invaders

Front 25

CD4

Back 25

Cytotoxic cell that fight against infections

Front 26

Helper T cells

Back 26

Secrete cytokines that help other cells of immune system become fully activated effector cells

Front 27

Primary (central) lymphoid tissues

Back 27

Where lymphocytes develop and mature enough to respond to pathogen; bone marrow and thymus

Front 28

Secondary (peripheral) lymphoid tissues

Back 28

Where mature lymphocytes become stimulated to respond to invading pathogens; all other locations

Front 29

What filters blood?

Back 29

Spleen removes damaged and infected blood cells; red pulp (red blood cells removed) and white pulp (leukocytes gather to provide adaptive immunity)

Front 30

Humoral immunity

Back 30

Immunity due to antibodies and their actions

Front 31

Neutralization

Back 31

Antibody binds tightly to site on pathogen to inhibit growth, replication, or interaction with human cells

Front 32

Opsonization

Back 32

The coating of antibody that facilitates in phagocytosis; can be accompanied by a complement

Front 33

GALT

Back 33

Gut associated lymphoid tissues; tonsils, adenoids, appendix, peyer's patches

Front 34

BALT

Back 34

Bronchial associated lymphoid tissues; 2° line respiratory epithelium

Front 35

MALT

Back 35

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissues; more diffused mucosal lymphoid tissues

Front 36

Complement

Back 36

System of plasma proteins that mark extracellular pathogens for destruction

Front 37

C3a

Back 37

Recruits more phagocytes

Front 38

C3b

Back 38

Tags bacterium for destruction

Front 39

Alternative pathway

Back 39

Pathogen surface creates local environment conducive to complement activation; first to act

Front 40

Lectin pathway

Back 40

Mannose-binding lectin binds to pathogen surface; second

Front 41

Classical pathway

Back 41

C-reactive protein or antibody binds to specific antigen on pathogen surface; third

Front 42

C3 convertase

Back 42

Proteases that cleave and activate C3

Front 43

iC3Bb

Back 43

C3 convertase that initiates alternative pathway

Front 44

Factor P

Back 44

Propedin; increases speed and power of complement activity by binding to C3 convertase C3bBb on microbial surfaces and prevents degradation by proteases

Front 45

Factor H and I

Back 45

Decreases number of C3 convertase molecules on pathogen surface

Front 46

DAF and MCP

Back 46

Degrade C3b on human cells

Front 47

C5

Back 47

On activation the soluble C5b fragment intiates assembly of the membrane-attack complex (MAC) in solution

Front 48

C6

Back 48

Binds to and stabilizes C5b; forms a binding site for C7

Front 49

C7

Back 49

Binds to C5b6 and expose a hydrophobic region that permits attachment to the cell membrane

Front 50

C8

Back 50

Binds to C5b67and exposes a hydrophobic region that inserts into the cell membrane

Front 51

C9

Back 51

Polymerization on the C5b678 complex to form a membrane-spanning channel that disrupts the cell's integrity and can result in cell death

Front 52

Anaphylatoxins

Back 52

C3a and C5a induce a local inflammation on blood vessels to increase vascular permeability

Front 53

Explain opsonization

Back 53

CR1 binds to C3b coated on bacterial surface. Macrophage engulfs bacterium through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Macrophage membrane invaginates and forms phagosome. Phagosome fuses with lysosome to form phagolysosome that has toxic mediators and degradative enzymes. Bacteria is destroyed