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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The mucus is a thick fluid layer composed of what?
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glycoproteins and enzymes
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The flow of fluid through or on an organ is a ____ mechanism of immune resistance
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mechanical
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Lysozyme, sebum, acidity are ___ mechanisms of immune resistance
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chemical
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The normal flora of the body are ____ mechanisms of resistance
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microbiological
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Where is the adult site of hematopoiesis, primarily?
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skull, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, and femurs
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Where did fetal hematopoeisis occur?
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yolk sac, then fetal liver and spleen
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What are the most abundant granulocytes specialized for phagocytosis
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neutrophils
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Granulocytes for defense against multicellular parasites (helminths)
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eosinophils
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Least abundant granulocytes which contribute to defense against parasites
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basophils
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These myeloid cells are similar to granulocytes and prominent in allergic reactions; they expulse parasites by release of histamine and other agents
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mast cells
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Myeloid cells that are the circulating precursor cell to macrophages
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monocyte
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These cells phagocytise and kill microorganisms by activating T cells and initiating the immune system
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macrophages
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Where do macrophages reside?
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tissue
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These myeloid cells reside in tissue and phagocytise pathogens, then migrate to lymph nodes to activate adaptive immune response
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dendritic cells
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These lymphoid cells produce B and T cells and circulate in lymph until they recognie pathogens
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small lymphocytes
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Antibodies are AKA?
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B cells
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Cytotoxic and helper cells are AKA?
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T cells
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T helper cell
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CD4+
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Cytotoxic T cell
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CD8+
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The fully differentiated form of B cell that secretes antibodies
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Plasma cells
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These cells kill cells infected with certain viruses
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Natural Killer Cells
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The innate immune response is mediated by _____.
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Inflammation (redness, heat, swelling, pain)
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Soluble proteins of the innate immune system do what two things?
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Mark the pathogen for phagocytosis and recruit phagocytic cells
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First phagocytic cells to respond to infection
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macrophages
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These secrete cytokines that recruit neutrophils and other leukocytes
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macrophages
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Where are there large reserves of neutrophils stored?
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bone marrow
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Pathogens that escape innate tissue defense drain into the ____.
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lymph
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Where do lymphocytes stay most of the time?
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lymph nodes
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What organs are responsible for lymphocyte development?
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bone marrow and thymus
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Lymphatic circulation is driven by _____ and thus relatively slow.
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kinetic movement
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What organ filters out old or damaged RBCs and pathogens that make it into the bloodstream?
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Spleen
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Pathogens and lymphocytes enter the spleen via the ____.
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blood
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What cells deliver pathogens to the lymphatics in gut-associated lymphoid tissue?
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M cells
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What cells activate T lymphocytes specific for pathogens in the lymph nodes
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dendritic cells
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What do T helper cells do?
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Activate B lymphocytes to secrete antibodies, activate macrophages to phagocytose, and regulate activities of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to prevent tissue damage
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Soluble immunoglobulins secreted by effector B cells (plasma cells)
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antibodies
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Antibody-mediated coating to facilitate phagocytosis is called ____.
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opsonization
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Simple peptides that immediately confront a subset of pathogens
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defensins
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An elaborate system of serum proteins that label pathogens for destruction, destabilize pathogen membranes, and promote inflammation
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complement
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These connect pathogens directly to phagocytes
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pentraxins
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These prevent colonization of pathogens and limit the spread of infection
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protease inhibitors and the blood-clotting cascade
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35-40 amino acid peptides that penetrate microbial membranes and disrupt integrity
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defensins
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By what are the defensins secreted?
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epithelial cells of intestinal, respiratory, urogenital tracts, skin, and neutrophils
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What kind of bond is exposed by the cleavage of C3?
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thioester bond
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What kind of bonds attack the thioester bond of C3b?
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hydroxy or amino groups (proteins and carbs on pathogen surfaces)
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What kind of bond does C3 form with water?
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covalent
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What binds to and stabilizes C3bBb, preventing its degradation?
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Properdin (factor P)
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What binds to C3b, causing conformational change allowing cleavage by factor I and production of inactive C3b (iC3b)?
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Factor H
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Complement control proteins class 1
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plasma proteins that interact with bound C3b
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Complement control proteins class 2
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membrane proteins on human cells that prevent complement fixation
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What binds to C3bBb, causing dissociation of Bb?
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Decay-accelerating factor (DAF)
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What binds to C3bBb, attracting factor I to make IC3b?
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Membrane co-factor protein (MCP)
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What is expressed on macrophages and binds C3b while also disrupting C3 convertases to protect cells on which it is expressed?
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Complement receptor 1 (CR1)
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What initiates membrane-attack complex? (MAC)
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C5b
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How is C5 convertase made?
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C3b binds to C3 convertase to make C3b2Bb
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CD59 homologous restriction factor (HRF) is bound to C5b678 to prevent what?
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polymerization of C9
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DAF, HRF, CD59 is linked to the plasma membrane by what?
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glycophosphatidylinositol (GPH) lipid tails
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Activities of C3a and C5a
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acute inflammation, increase permeability of blood vessels, allow phagocytes and plasma proteins greater access to infected tissue, and increase expression of CR1 on phagocytes
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Where are the receptors for C3a and C5a?
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Present on endothelial cells and phagocytes
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These are cyclic homopentamers
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Pentraxins
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These bond non-covalently to surfaces of various pathogens as well as receptors on phagocytes
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pentraxins
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These help immune receptors bind to the pathogen, much like antibodies
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pentraxins
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Pathogens express ___ to chop up complement, coagulation, and other serum proteins
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proteases
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Protease inhibitors make up ____% of serum proteins
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10%
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_________ act as bait for proteases
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Macroglobulins
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What orchestrates induced innate immune response?
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macrophages
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Cells infected with virus secrete ____ interferons to activate ____ cells.
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type I; Natural Killer
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NK cells kill infected cells via ______.
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synaptic conduit
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NK cells interact with ____ to produce ____.
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macrophages; interferon-y
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Proteins that recognize carbohydrates
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Lectins
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Scavenger receptor-B recognizes what 3 things?
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LPS, teichoic acid, and CpG-rich DNA
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Recognition of pathogens initiates _____.
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endocytosis
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_____ fuses with lysosomes to destroy pathogens.
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Phagosomes
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What is the co-receptor for TLR4?
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CD14
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How does LPS bind to TLR4?
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directly or by delivery by the LPS-binding protein (LBP)
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LPS binding to TLR4 complex leads to what?
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Activation of intracellular second messenger cascade which results in nuclear translocation or NFkB which turns on cytokine genes
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Where are inflammatory cytokines synthesized?
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cytoplasm
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How are inflammatory cytokines secreted?
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via the ER
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Where are nod-like receptors expressed?
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in the cytoplasm
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Which receptors are similar to the TLRs?
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Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors
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Macrophage activation causes a change in intracellular _____.
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potassium
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The ionic change that occurs after macrophage activation leads to formation of what?
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inflammasome
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Formation of inflammasome leads to activation of _____.
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capsases
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Capsases cleave _____, producing active ______.
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pro-interleukins; interleukins
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Small soluble proteins used for intercellular communication
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cytokines
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What is the combined effect of cytokines?
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inflammation
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What increases vascular permeability to allow cells of the immune system access to infected tissue?
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cytokines secreted by macrophages
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What attract neutrophils away from the blood stream and into infected tissue?
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cytokines
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These activate NK cells and increase temperature
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cytokines secreted by macrophages
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Cytokines released by macrophages cause changes in ______ in local endothelium.
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receptor expression
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How do neutrophils react to cytokine release?
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They squeeze through endothelium into infected tissue (diapedesis)
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What binds to receptors to cause a change in gene expression patterns that alter cellular phenotype?
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CXCL8
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What release cytokines?
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macrophages, NK cells, and helper T cells
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What do chemokines do?
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attract leukocytes to the site of infection
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soluble proteins that interact with other cells to trigger innate immune response
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cytokines
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Which cells secrete histamines at sites of infection, which increases inflammation?
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mast cells
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Cell-surface receptors for pathogens for B cells
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immunoglobulins
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Cell-surface receptors for pathogens for T cells
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T cell receptors
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immunity due to antibodies and their actions
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humoral immunity
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When antibodies bind to a pathogen and inhibit pathogen growth, replacation, and interaction with human cells
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neutralization
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What do lectins recognize and bind to?
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carbohydrates
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What do scavenger receptor A (SRA) recognize?
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LPS, Teichoic acid, and CP-G DNA
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What do scavenger receptor B (SRB) recognize?
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lipopeptides
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_________ recruits proteases
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Caspase
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What acts on hepatocytes to induce synthesis of acute-phase proteins?
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IL-6 (from macrophages)
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___________ triggers the classical pathway of complement activation.
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C-reactive protein
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What do toll-like receptors recognize?
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bacterial byproducts
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TLR3 recognizes ___DNA
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dsDNA
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TLR7 and TLR8 recognize ___DNA
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ssDNA
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Azurophilic granules contain…
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lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, protease
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Specific granules contains _____, which produces ____.
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oxidase; superoxide radicals
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Lysosome contains ____.
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acid hydrolases
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What recruits NK cells to form an immunological synapse with macrophages?
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IL-12
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What induces differentiation of NK cells into effector (cytotoxic) NK cells?
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IL-15
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What do effector NK cells secrete?
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interferon-y (a type II interferon)
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What does interferon-y do?
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activates macrophage to become more efficient at phagocytosis
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