Immunology Exam #1

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Immunology

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The study of all aspects of host defense against infection and also of the adverse consequences of immune responses

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Pathogens

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microorganism that typically causes disease when it infects a host

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Antibodies

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a protein that binds specifically to a particular substance-called its antigen

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Adaptive immune system

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the response of antigen-specific lymphocytes to antigen, including the development of immunological memory

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Innate immune system

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that part of a response to an infection that is due to the presence of, and immediate activation of, the body's innate and relatively nonspecific defense mechanisms

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Antigen

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Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or generate people fragments that are recognized by a T-cell receptor

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Lymphocytes

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A class of white blood cells that bear variable cell-surface receptors for antigen and are responsible for adaptive immune response

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Immune System

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The tissues, cels, and molecules involved in innate immunity and adaptive immunity

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Immunological recognition

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General term for the ability of the cells of the innate and adaptive immune system to recognize the presence of an infection

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Immune effector functions

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All those components and function of the immune system that restrict an infection and eliminate it

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Immune regulation

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The capacity of the immune system in normal circumstances to regulate itself so that an immune response does not go out of control and cause tissue damage, autoimmune reactions, or allergic reactions

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Immunological memory

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The ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and more effectively on a second encounter with an antigen. Specific and long lived.

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Antigen receptors

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The cell-surface receptor by which lymphocytes recognize antigen

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Leukocytes

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A white blood cell. Includes lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and monocytes

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Bone marrow

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The tissue where all the cellular elements of the blood-red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets- are initially generated from hematopoietic stem cells

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Lymphatic system

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The system of lymph-carrying vessels and peripheral lymphoid tissues through which extracellular fluid from tissues passes before it is returned to the blood via the thoracic duct

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Lymph

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The extracellular fluid that accumulates in tissues and is drained by lymphatic vessels that carry it through the lymphatic system to the thoracic duct, which returns it to the blood

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Lymphoid

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Describes tissues composed mainly of lymphocytes

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Myeloid

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Refers to the lineage of blood cells that includes all leukocytes except lymphocytes

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Macrophage

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A large monocular phagocytic cell type important as scavenger cells, as pathogen-recognition cells, as a source of pro-inflammatory cytokines in innate immunity, as antigen-presenting cells, and as effector phagocytic cells in humoral and cell-mediated immunity

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Monocyte

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Type of white blood cell with a bean-shaped nucleus; it is a precursor of tissue macrophages

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Neutrophil

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The most numerous type of white blood cell in human peripheral blood

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Eosinophil

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A type of white blood cell containing granules that stain with eosin. Thought to be important in defense against parasitic infections, but is also medically important as an effector cell in allergic reactions

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Basophil

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Type of white blood cell containing granules that stain with basic dyes. similar function to mast cells.

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Mast cell

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A large granule-rich cell found in connective tissues throughout the body, most abundantly in the submucosal tissues and the dermis

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Dendritic Cell

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Bone marrow derived cells found in most tissues, including lymphoid tissues.

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Antigen-presenting cell (APC)

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Highly specialized cells that can process antigens and display their peptide fragments on the cell surface together with other, co-stimulatory, proteins required for activating naive T cells

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Natural Killer cells

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Large granular, non-T, non-B lymphocyte, which kills virus-infected cells and some tumor cells

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Effector lymphocytes

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The cels that differentiate from naive lymphocytes after initial activation by antigen and can then mediate the removal of pathogens from the body without further differentiation

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B Lymphocyte (B Cell)

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one of the two types of antigen-specific lymphocytes responsible for adaptive immune responses

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T Lymphocytes (T Cell)

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One of the two types of antigen-specific lymphocytes responsible for adaptive immune responses.

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B Cell Receptor (BCR)

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The cell-surface receptor on B cells for specific antigen

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T Cell Receptor (TCR)

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The cell-surface receptor on T cells for specific antigen

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Plasma cell

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Terminally differentiated activated B lymphocyte. Main antibody- secreting cells of the body.

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Immunoglobulin

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A protein family to which antibodies and B cell receptors belong

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Cytotoxic T Cell

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Type of T cell that can kill other cells.

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Helper T Cell

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Effector CD4 T cells that stimulate or help B cells to make antibody in response to antigenic challenge

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Regulatory T Cell

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Effector CD4 T cells that inhibit T-cell responses and are involved in controlling immune reactions and preventing autoimmunity

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Memory Cells

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B and T lymphocytes that mediate immunological memory

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Central lymphoid organs

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The sites of lymphocyte development; in humans these are the bone marrow and thymus.

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Peripheral lymphoid organs

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The lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues, in which immune responses are induced, as opposed to the central lymphoid organs, in which lymphocytes develop

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Thymus

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a central lymphoid organ, in which T cells develop, situated in the upper part of the middle of the chest, just behind the breastbone

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Cytokine

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any small protein made by a cell that affects the behavior of other cells

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Chemokine

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small chemoattractant protein that stimulates the migration and activation of cells, especially phagocytic cells and lymphocytes

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Inflammation

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general term for the local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and white blood cells that is initiated by physical injury, infection, or a local immune response

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Complement

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A set of plasma proteins that act together as a defense against pathogens in extracellular spaces

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Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

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Molecules specifically associated with groups of pathogens that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system

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Pattern recognition receptors

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Receptors of the innate immune system that recognize common molecular patterns on pathogen surfaces

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Antimicrobial enzymes

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Enzymes that kill microorganisms by their actions

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Antimicrobial peptides

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Amphipathic peptides secreted by epithelial cells and phagocytes that kill a variety of microbes nonspecifically, mainly by disrupting cell membranes

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Opsonization

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The coating of the surface of a pathogen by antibody and/or complement that makes it more easily ingested by phagocytes

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Zymogen

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An inactive form of an enzymes, usually a protease, that must be modified in some way

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Complement activation

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the activation of the normally inactive proteins of the complement system that occurs on infection

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Classical pathway

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The complement-activation pathway that is initiated by C1 binding either directly to bacterial surfaces or to antibody bound to he bacteria, thus flagging the bacteria as foreign

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C3 convertase

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A protease that converts a complement protein into its reactive from by cleaving it

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Membrane attack complex

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Protein complex composed of the terminal complement proteins, which assembles on pathogen surfaces to generate a membrane spanning hydrophilic pore, damaging the membrane and causing cell lysis

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Mannose-Binding Lectin

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Mannose-binding protein present in the blood. it can opsonize pathogens bearing mannose on their surfaces and can activate the complement system via the lectin pathway, an important part of innate immunity

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Complement receptors

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cell-surface proteins of various types that recognize and bind complement proteins that have become bound to an antigen such as a pathogen

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Phagocytosis

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The internalization of particulate matter by cells by a process of engulfment, in which the cell membrane surrounds the material, eventually forming an intracellular vesicle (phagosome) containing the ingested material

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Phagolysosome

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Intracellular vesicle formed by the fusion of a phagosome containing ingested material and a lysosome, and in which the ingested material is broken down

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Mannose receptor

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A receptor on macrophages that is specific for mannose-containing carbohydrates that occur on the surfaces of pathogens but not on host cells

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Scavenger receptor

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Receptors on macrophages and other cells that bind to numerous ligands and remove them from the blood

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cell-adhesion molecules

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cell-surface proteins of several different types that mediate the binding of one cell to other cells or to extracellular matrix proteins

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extravasation

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the movement of cells or fluid from within blood vessels into the surrounding tissues

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edema

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swelling caused by the entry of fluid and cells from the blood into the tissues; it is one of the cardinal features of inflammation

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Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

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Innate receptors on macrophages, dendritic cells, and some other cells, that recognize pathogens and their products, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Recognition stimulates the receptor-bearing cells to produce cytokines that help initiate immune responses

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Interleukins

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A generic name for cytokines produced by leukocytes

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Selectins

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Family of cell-adhesion molecules on leukocytes and endothelial cells that bind to sugar moieties on specific glycoproteins with mucinlike features

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Integrins

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Heterodimeric cell-surface proteins involved in cell- cell and cell-matrix interactions. Important in adhesive interactions between lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells and in lymphocyte and leukocyte adherence to blood vessel walls and migration into tissues

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Interferon

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Cytokines that are induced in response to infection