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136 Cards in this Set
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The study of a hosts reaction when a foreign substance is introduced into the body |
Immunology |
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A foreign substance that is capable of triggering an immune response |
Antigen |
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The condition of being resistant to infection |
Immunity |
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Becoming immune to one agent by being exposed to another |
Cross-immunity |
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The process of cells eating other cells |
Phagocytosis |
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A kind of extracellular immunity brought about by molecules secreted by plasma cells |
Humoral immunity |
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A specific protein that can coat bacteria to make it susceptible to be consumed by phagocytic cells |
Antibodies |
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The ability to resist infection by means of normal body functions already present. Non-adaptive and non-specific and respond the same way to all pathogens. No prior exposure necessary. |
Natural/innate immunity |
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An immunity that is specific to a unique antigen, increased response to repeated exposure because of "memory". |
Acquired immunity |
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Structural barriers that prevent agents from entering the body. Unbroken skin an mucosal membranes. |
External defense system |
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Designed to use cells and soluble factors to recognize molecules on the surface of cells that are unique to invaders. WBCs then engulf them. |
Innate immunity/Internal defense system |
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Serum proteins that increase rapidly in response to infection or trauma |
Acute phase reactants |
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A trace constituent that increases after infection or trauma and acts as an osponin to enhance phagocytosis. Can't be used to diagnose a specific bacteria. Acts before the antibody appears |
CRP |
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Serum proteins that are normally present that mediate inflammation |
Complement |
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Movement of cells through blood vessel walls and into the tissues |
diapedesis |
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Chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction |
chemotaxins |
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Molecules found on the surfaces of leukocytes that can recognize certain bacteria |
toll-like receptors |
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Serum proteins that attach to a foreign substance to prepare it for phagocytosis |
opsonins |
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The step in phagocytosis when there is an increase in oxygen consumption due to leukocyte cytoplasm forming around the particle, putting it in a vacuole |
respiratory burst |
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Enhancement of phagocytosis by coating of foregin particles with serum proteins is called |
Opsonization |
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Which leukocyte plays a key role in killing parasites |
Eosinophils |
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Does capillary permeability increase or decrease in inflammation |
Increase |
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How does normal flora aid in defense |
Competes with pathogens for nutrients |
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What is the most significant agent formed in the phagolysosome for the killing of microorganisms |
Hydrogen peroxide |
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Name a primary lymphoid organ |
Thymus |
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What kind of cells are in a primary follicle |
Unstimulated b-cells |
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Name a fact about NK cells |
They recognize a lack of MHC cells |
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Where are undifferentiated lymphocytes made |
Bone marrow |
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In the thymus, positive selection of Immature t-cells is based upon recognition of |
MHC antigens |
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What cells are IgM and IgD found on |
Mature b-cells |
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Which receptor on t-cells is responsible for rosetting with sheep RBCS |
CD2 |
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Name something that can be attributed to antigen-stimulated t-cells |
Cytokines |
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Name a distinguishing feature of a pre b-cell |
Micro chains in the cytoplasm |
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When does genetic rearrangement for coding of light chains take place |
As the cell becomes an immature b-cell |
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Where does the major part of antibody production occur |
Lymph nodes |
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What combination of antigens would represent a double-negative thymocyte |
CD2+CD3-CD4-CD8- |
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What is unique about the t-cell receptor for antigen |
Alpha and beta chains |
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Name a characteristic of a good immunogen |
Found on host cells |
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An antigenic only when coupled to a carrier |
Hapten |
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What would be the best immunogen |
Protein with a molecular weight of 200,000 |
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Does an epitope have only sequential amino acids |
No |
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Name 3 ways an adjuvant acts |
Complex to an antigen to increase size, prevent rapid escape from tissues, increase processing of antigens |
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An antigen that exists in unrelated plants and animals |
Heterophile |
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Which antigens are found on t-cells and macrophages |
MHC (HLA) class II |
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Name 3 things MHC molecules are associated with |
Graft rejection, autoimmune diseases, determining to which antigens an individual responds to |
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What transports peptides into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum |
TAP |
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What is a characteristic of variable domains of immunoglobulins |
They occur in both the H and L chains |
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Can IgM cross the placenta |
No |
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How many binding sites does an IgM have |
10 |
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What are Bence-Jones proteins identical to |
L chains |
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A Fab fragment consists of |
One L chain and one half H chain |
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Name an L chain of antibody molecules |
K |
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The subclasses of IgG differ mainly in |
The arrangement of disulfide bonds |
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What is the role of the SC of IgA |
Transport mechanism across endothelial cells |
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What is the main function of IgD |
Enhancing proliferation of b-cells |
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Which antibody is best at agglutination and complement fixation |
IgM |
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What can be attributed to the clonal selection theory of antibody formation |
B-cells are preprogrammed for specific antibody synthesis |
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Is IgE heat stable |
No |
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How many regions are involved in the coding of H chains |
4 |
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What does HAT medium do for monoclonal antibodies |
Restricts the growth of infused myeloma cells |
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What activates the classical complement pathway |
Antigen-antibody complexes |
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Do complement components present as active enzymes |
No |
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What are C4b2a, C3bBb and iC3Bb referred to as |
C3 convertase |
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Mannose-binding protein in the lectin pathway is similar to what what classical pathway component |
C1q |
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What does properdin do in the alternate pathway |
Stabilizes C3/C5 convertase |
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How does the membrane attack complex work |
C9 polymerizes to form the transmembrane channel |
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What does Factor H compete with for the same binding site |
Factor B |
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A lack of CR1 receptors on RBCs would cause |
No clearance of immune complexes by the spleen |
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A lack of CR2 on cell membranes would cause |
Decrease antibody production |
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Why is complement not activated with anti-Rh (D) antibodies |
Rh antigens on the RBCs are too far apart |
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What prevents bystander lysis of RBCs |
DAF |
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Name 3 things that can cause decreased CH50 |
Inadequate refrigeration, coag-related complement consumption, autoimmune disease process |
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What is a characteristic of hypersensitivity |
Self-antigens or heterologous antigens may be involved |
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What would increase in poison ivy exposure |
IgE |
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Is complement associated with type I hypersensitivity |
No |
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What newly synthesized mediator acts similar to histamine |
PGD2 |
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What would cause a buildup of IgE on mast cells |
Anaphylaxis |
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What test determines an allergy to rye grass |
Skin prick test |
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What causes HDN |
Prior exposure to foregin red cell antigen |
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What immune mechanism is involved in type III hypersensitivity |
Tissue damage from exocytosis |
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What does the Arthus reaction cause |
Immune complexes deposit into the blood vessels |
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What is the difference between type II and type III hypersensitivity reactions |
Type II involves cellular antigens |
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Does clonal deletion of self-selective t-cells contribute to autoimmunity |
No |
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Name an organ-specific autoimmune disease |
Hasimoto's thyroiditis |
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SLE can be distinguished from RA by |
Presence of anti-ds DNA antibodies |
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Name an indication of drug-induced lupus |
Antihistone antibodies |
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A homogenous staining of the nucleus on IIF is caused by |
Antihistone antibodies |
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Describe the slide agglutination test for RF |
It is a sensitive screening tool |
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How do you distinguish between hasimoto's and Grave's |
Hasimoto's has a decreased thyroid hormone level |
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Myelin sheath destruction of axons happens in what disease |
MS |
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Which syndrome should you receive irradiated blood products |
SCID |
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T-cell flow cytometry would be useful to diagnose |
SCID |
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What disease would be caused by defective neutrophil function |
Myeloperoxidase deficiency |
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What defect would cause an illness from a vaccine after administration |
A humoral defect |
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What is not associated with DiGeorge anomaly |
Autosomal recessive inheritance |
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What type of allograft rejection is associated with vascular/parenchymal injury |
Acute cellular rejection |
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Antigen receptors on t-lymphocytes bind HLA class II molecules with the help of |
CD4 |
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Are HLA molecules monomorphic |
No |
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Which reagents would you use in a direct/forward donor-recipient crossmatch test |
Recipient serum and donor lymphocytes + rabbit serum complement |
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Which immunosuppressive agent selectively inhibits IL-2 receptor-mediated activation of t-cells and causes clearance of activated t-cells from circulation |
Daclizumab |
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Binding soluble antigens to soluble antibodies to form insoluble complexes |
Precipitation |
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Antigens aggregate together when a specific antibody is present |
Agglutination |
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What 3 things must be present for precipitation to occur |
Antigens must be multivalent and soluble/antibodies must have 2 binding sites/zone of equivalence applies |
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1 type of epitope More than 1 type of epitope |
Unideterminate. Multideterminate |
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Antigens diffuse towards stationary antibodies to form complexes until zone of equivalence is reached |
Single linear or radial immunodiffusion |
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Antigens and antibodies diffuse towards each other. Precipitation lines form |
Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion |
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Sad face Crooked face Mad face |
Complete identity Partial identity No identity |
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When antigens are found naturally on a particle |
Direct/active agglutination |
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When particles are coated with antigens not normally found on their surfaces |
Indirect/passive agglutination |
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Exactly the same as indirect/passive agglutination, only the antigen and antibody roles are reversed |
Reverse passive |
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When particulate and soluble antigens compete for a limited number of antibody binding sites |
Inhibition agglutination |
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Antigen binds to solid phase antibody. After washing away the unbound antigens, a second labeled antibody is added to make a sandwich |
Non-competitive immunoassay |
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Labeled and unlabeled antigens compete for a limited number of antibody binding sites. |
Competitive immunoassay |
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What are the 4 types of labels employed in immunoassays |
Enzymatic EIA Fluorescence FIA Radioactivity RIA Chemiluminescence |
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The strength of the bond |
Affinity |
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The number of the bond |
Avidity |
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Particles are suspended in a liquid and form a flake when an agent is introduced |
Flocculation |
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Immunogen and immunoglobulin are just different words to describe |
Antigens and antibodies |
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Develop in thymus, identified by rosette formation, end product of activation is cytokines, antigens CD2, 3,4,8 |
T cells |
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Develop in marrow, identified by surface immunoglobulins, end product of activation are antibodies, antigens CD19, 20,21,40, and MHC II |
B cells |
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On the surfaces of all nucleated cells. Display fragments of non-self proteins to cytotoxic T cells which will trigger an immune response against that particular non-self protein |
MHC I |
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Only found on antigen-presenting cells |
MHC II |
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Which antigen is specific to cytotoxic T cells |
CD8 |
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Which antigen is specific to helper T cells |
CD4 |
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A trough is cut in the gel parallel to the line of separation. Antiserum is put in the trough. Double diffusion takes place and precipitate forms |
Classic immunoelectrophoresis |
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After electrophoresis takes place, antiserum is applied directly to the gels surface |
Immunofixation immunoelectrophoresis |
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Responding thingy for all 4 hypersensitivity types |
Immediate Foregin cells Immune complex Delayed |
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Antibodies for all 4 types of hypersensitivity |
IgE IgG, IgM, complement IgG Nothing |
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Cells of all 4 types of hypersensitivity |
B cells B cells B cells T cells |
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What all 4 types of hypersensitivity cause |
Allrgs, atopy, anphylxs Trnsfsn rxn, HDN Lps, RA, HUS, Arths, srm sckns Contact dermatitis, GVHD |
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What happens when type I hypersensitivity is stimulated |
Sensitization then activation. Mast cells and basophils degranulate, causing vasoconstriction |
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What happens when type II hypersensitivity is stimulated |
Caused by transfusion reactions |
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What happens when type III hypersensitivity is stimulated |
Immune complexes form faster than they can be removed. They deposit in basement membranes where they damage tissue. |
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What happens when type IV hypersensitivity is stimulated |
GVFD |
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The 4 common types of autoimmune diseases |
SLE, RA, Hasimoto's, Graves |
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What is the screening test for autoimmune diseases |
ANA |
