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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pathogen |
Disease causing agents |
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Non-Specific Immune System |
Surface barriers and internal nonspecific (innate) defenses |
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Surface Barriers |
Skin, acid secretions, mucous membranes, mucus secretions, nose hairs, cilia, gastric juice, acid vagina, tears, saliva |
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Internal Nonspecific (innate) Defenses |
Antigens trigger responses including: inflammatory response, nonspecific white blood cells, and specialized proteins |
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Inflammatory Response |
Histamines cause blood vessels to expands and leak, complement proteins released, white blood cells mobilized. Causes swelling and redness. Fever is a part of this response (making it too hot for anything to survive) |
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Nonspecific white blood cells |
Macrophages, Neitrophils, Natural killers |
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Macrophages |
engulf pathogens and display antigens |
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Neitrophils (phagocyte) |
also phagocytize then inject a toxin |
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Natural Killers |
"bomb squad"- recognizes cells with viral particles and blast the area with chemicals. |
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Specialized Proteins |
Complement proteins: Lyse invaders Interferons: Released when host cell is infected. Other cells pick up interferons and interferons cause new cells to release antiviral proteins.
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Specific Immune Response |
3rd Line of Defense, can respond to a variety of pathogens and recognize "self" from "non-self" and finds cells that are specifically designed to fight that invader. |
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Recognizing "self" from "non-self" |
-Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC): Proteins on everything to help body recognize self from non-self (invaders). Once the body finds a cell without your MHC it starts the attack.
This can be a problem for recipients of organ transplants because the new organ wouldn't have their proteins, so they take immune system suppressants so their body doesn't reject the transplant. |
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Cell-Mediated immunity response |
T Cells: Macrophages engulf invader and display antigens (unique proteins to invader cells), macrophages take antigens to Helper T (CD4).The Helper T Cells bind to macrophage and release interleukins (cytokines: chemical messengers that call T and B cells for help). The macrophage takes antigens to T cells until they find the correct Killer T Cell. Once it is found Killer T (CD8) is cloned and finds infected body cells and injects toxins into them causing them to rupture. |
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Humoral immunity response |
B cells: Macrophage displays antigen again to find invader's specific B cells. B cells make antibodies (to go with antigens) and provide memory. Once correct B cell is found and interleukins are present, B cell turns into plasma cells. |
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Antibodies |
-Attach to antigens -"makers" that help the body identify invaders -Prevents (blocks) virus from infecting other cells |
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Viruses |
Genetic Material: DNA or RNA (RNA=retrovirus)
Not living
Protein Coat impersonates proteins found in the body, allowing the virus to sneak in the body. |
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Virus Cycles |
Lytic Cycle or Lysogenic Cycle |
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Lytic Cycle |
Virus reproduces immediately 1. attaches to fooled host cell 2. injects DNA into host cell 3. cell reads viral DNA and makes virus 4. Virus parts assembled 5. Viruses break free |
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Lysogenic Cycle |
-Viruses are dormant -Insert their DNA or RNA which becomes incorporated into the host cell -Cells containing viral DNA can then be replicated (replicating more viral DNA) |
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HIV |
-Human Immunodeficiency Virus --Targets helper T cells as hosts --Retrovirus --Lysogenic
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HIV Structure |
Circular Virus -Viral envelope (allows it to fool helper T) -Viral matrix (protein, allows it to fool helper T) -Core or capsid contains what is inserted into cell (RNA molecules, reverse transcriptase, protease, intergrase) |
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HIV Life Cycle |
1. Binding -Protein on HIV's envelope binds to a CD4 receptor of a helper T cell (core injected into cell). 2. Reverse Transcription -Viral DNA is turned into DNA by the reverse transcriptase 3. Integration -Integrase is an enzyme that adds the viral DNA into the host DNA 4. Transcription and translation -Viral DNA is read and turned into proteins 5. Assembly -Protease cuts up the long proteins into all parts of the new HIV (one polypeptide becomes many) 6. Breaking off -New virus breaks out and matures into an infectious virus |
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Cocktail Drugs for HIV |
Protease Inhibitors (AZT), Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (adds fake nucleotides, binds to reverse transcriptase), Entry Inhibitors, Intergrase Inhibitors, Immune bases therapies, PrEP: Pre-Expeodure Prohhylaxis |
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Why is HIV so hard to fight |
Cells other than Helper T cells can be infected, therefore the virus can colonized many tissues of the body, and it mutates very quickly |
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First Vaccine |
Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine for small pox (fatal disease with fever and rash) by noticing people who got cow pox (milder version of small pox) didn't get small pox. He gave people some cow pox and exposed them to small pox and they didn't get it (because they now had an immunity). Small pox is now completely gone. |
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Live-Attenuated Vaccines |
Viruses that are alive but weak (chicken pox, MMR) |
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Inactivated Vaccines |
The pathogen is killed using formaldehyde then injected, which results in less long-lasting immunity (flu, polio) |
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Toxoid Vaccines |
Toxin produced by germs are heated or treated with chemicals then injected into the body (tetanus) |
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Subunit Vaccines |
Made by injecting only antigens of the virus or bacteria that will trigger an immune response (Hep A or Hep B) |
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Herd Immunity |
The effectiveness of a vaccine depends (amongst other things) on the precent of the population vaccinated and is still within the period of that protection from that vaccine. Acts as a fire break. |
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Allergies |
-Abnormal over-sensitivity to an otherwise non-harmful antigen -Allergies occur when your body makes the wrong type of antibody |
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IgG |
Main pathogen (virus, bacteria, fungi) fighting antibody |
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IgD |
Attached to B cells to signal maturity and provide memory |
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IgE |
Sometimes when a body encounters a harmless antigen it will develop IgE antibodies. -designed to fight parasites so your body responds accordingly, trying to get the pathogen out of your body (itchy, rash, eczema, hives, tears, runny nose, coughing, wheezing, abdominal pain) |
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Anaphylactic Shock |
Severe sensitivity that causes large quantities of mast cells to release histamines at once. Most blood vessels dilate, causing a drop in blood pressure. Through swells and causes difficulty breathing. |
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Stopping Allergic Reactions |
Antihistamines (used to stop histamine for lighter cases like pollen). Epinephrine (used in extreme cases to suppress the immune system, such as nut allergies) Steroids (prednisone suppressed the immune system) |
