Immunology

Front 1

What are two mechanical barriers that humans have?

Back 1

skin

mucosal surfaces

Front 2

What are the four classes of pathogens?

Back 2

bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites

Front 3

What are the way that pathogens cause tissue damage?

Back 3

indirectly or directly

Front 4

Direct mechanism include?

Back 4

Toxins

Degradative enzymes

Front 5

Indirect Mechanisms are the most often ways of causing damage, these include?

Back 5

Inflammation

Immune complexes

Anti-host antibodies

Front 6

What is the first line of host response?

Back 6

Innate immunity (inflammation)

Front 7

CD4 T Cells are what?

Back 7

Helper T cells

Front 8

CD8 cells are what?

Back 8

Cytotoxic T cells

Front 9

What two responses are involved in Adaptive immunity?

Back 9

Humoral response --antibodies
Cell mediated respose

Front 10

What are some aspects of cell mediated response?

Back 10

Cytokines, activation of cytotoxic T cells, Activation of NK cells/phagocytosis

Front 11

The IgG Antibody has 2 regions.. what are they?

Back 11

Fab, Fc

Front 12

The Fab region is important for what?

Back 12

it is the variable domain and is responsible for Ab specificity

Front 13

The Fc region stands for what?

Back 13

Fragment Crystalline region. It binds to protiens to induce immune responses such as opsonizaiton and cell lysis.

Important for ADCC and CDC

Front 14

in ADCC the Fc does what?

Back 14

binds to Fc receptors on natural killer cellsand macrophages which leads to lysis or phagocytosis of targeted cells

Front 15

In CDC what happens?

Back 15

Abs kill cell by initiating compliment cascade

Front 16

Fc binding Fc receptor on fetal IgG

Back 16

protects the fetal IgG from destruction

Front 17

Antibodies can also?

Back 17

neutralize bacterial toxins and opsonize bacteria

Front 18

C3b is an?

Back 18

opsonization factor

Front 19

How do antibodies bind to/recognize antigens?

Back 19

they bind directly to them

Front 20

How do T cell recognize/bind to antigens?

Back 20

They recognize small peptides

Peptides are presented to T cells by MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells

Front 21

Cytotoxic T cells recognize?

Back 21

MHC 1

Front 22

Helper Ts recognize?

Back 22

MHC 2

Front 23

What are some examples of cooperation between arms of immunity?

Back 23

Dendritic cells can present antigen to T cells

T cells can help and activate B cells

T cells activate macrophages and vice versa

Front 24

Macrophages can do what two things involving bacteria?

Back 24

Bacteria can bind to surface receptors and be phagocytksed by the cell or they can bind to receptors and cause macrophages to produce chemokines

Front 25

What are the purposes of inflammation?

Back 25

isolate and destroy the toxin and prevent tissue damage

Front 26

Inflammation is characterized by?

Back 26

increase in temp, redness, swelling pain and loss of function.

Front 27

What are some mediators involved in inflammation?

Back 27

cytokines, prostaglandins, histamines

Front 28

What are two anti inflammatory cytokines?

Back 28

IL 10 and TGF B ... they are produced by T helper cells and help to put the brakes on the host inflam response.

Front 29

What are proteins that are in the plasma that increase during infection/inflammation and can be used in diagnosis of acute inflammation?

Back 29

Acute phase proteins

Front 30

What induces hepatocytes to produce acute phase proteins?

Back 30

IL 6

Front 31

What are some acute phase proteins?

Back 31

C reactive protein,

fibrinogen

mannose-binding lectin

Front 32

Difference between protective and non - resolving destructive inflammation?

Back 32

in the non-resolving macrophages are secreted into the blood stream.

Front 33

Mast cells contribute to?

Back 33

allergic responses but are also part of the innate immune response.

Front 34

Mast cells contain?

Back 34

granules which store inflammatory mediators

Front 35

The mediators include?

Back 35

histamine, helparin, or chondroitin sulfate, chemotactic vactors, enzymes that can testy tissue or cleave complement

Front 36

histimine causes what to happen

Back 36

blood vessels to become leaky and smooth muscle to contract

Front 37

heparin and chondroitin sulfate are what?

Back 37

anticoagulants

Front 38

seratonin can act as a what?

Back 38

chemotactic factor for neutrophils and eosinophils

Front 39

Where are mast cells usually found?

Back 39

in tissues.. NOT circulation

Front 40

What are responsible for host control of viral infections/colds?

Back 40

interferons

Front 41

Which interferon is produced by epithelial cells and fibroblasts?

Back 41

Type 1 (Alpha Beta)

Front 42

Which interferon is produced by lymphocytes and activates phagocytosis?

Back 42

Type 2 or gamma interferon

Front 43

Interferons induce nearby cells to produce what?

Back 43

AVPs.. antiviral particles.. thses interfere with viral MRNA and prevent transcription.

Front 44

Which two other specialized immune cells attack by non phagocytic means?

Back 44

eosinophils and NK cells

Front 45

Eonsiniphils work by using?

Back 45

contain granules which they release.
granules contain major basic protein, eosinophil derived neurotoxin, and eosinophil cationic protein.

Front 46

NK cells work by?

Back 46

they are specialized large granulocytic lyhocctes. They partner with interferons and recognize funny looking cells (tumors)

Front 47

NK cells proliferate in response to?

Back 47

IL 15

Front 48

Both eosinophils and NK cells can perform?

Back 48

antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity

Front 49

ADCC by eiosinophils?1

Back 49

IgE mediates eosin attachment and destruction of the helminthese

Front 50

ADCC NK cells?

Back 50

NK cells attack body's own cells that have been infected with viruses or potentially cancerous cells

Front 51

How to NK cells kill unwanted cellos?

Back 51

bind to target cell using antibody bridge.

secrete perforin which punches holes in the cell