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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the result of uncontrolled cell growth and/or aborted differntiation
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cancer
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two processes that can cause cell growth
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oncogene activation
altered gene expression |
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what do chromosomes code for
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proteins
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how does oncogene activation occur?
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through the process of translocation
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chronic myeloid leukemia is an example of what time of cell growth?
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oncogene activation
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C-22 (growth of myeloid cells)and C-9 (coding cell proliferation with tyrosine kinase) are next to each other and jointly expressed
this is an example of what |
oncogene activation
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The disease where myeloid cells grow but don't differentiate therefore not fully functional and get infected
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Chronic myeloid leukemia
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chronic myeloid leukemia can cause...
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anemia
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less expression of genes that normally grow
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oncogene activation
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apoptosis, overexpressed gene
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altered gene expression
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protein that codes for breast cancer
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p53
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normal body cells gone bad
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tumor
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tumor cells express antigens on tumor surface for the purpose of
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attracting substrates for growth or signal transduction
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how the immune system identifies tumors
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tumor cell antigens
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tumor antigens that are detected by the humoral system have...
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specific epitopes that interact with the antibodies
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the cellular immune system recognizes what on tumors
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processed peptides and/or sugar molecules
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CD4 lymphocytes respond to small peptides bound to
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MHC class II
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CD8 responds to peptides bound to
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MHC class I
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What drug for breast cancer inh. estrogen?
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Tamoxifen and Raloxifen
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What type of drug is used for prostate cancer?
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Anti-androgens
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3 ways tumor antigens were initially used
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tumor detection
monitoring therapy identifying relapse |
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CEA
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tumor antigen for GI
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CA-125
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tumor antigen for ovarian cancer
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CA 15-3
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tumor antigen for breast cancer
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CA 19-9
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tumor angtigen for pancreatic cancer
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PSA
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tumor antigen for prostate cancer
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What type of cancer can we palpitate
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breast
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If you find a tumor antigen is that good proof that you have cancer?
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no
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Only helpful antigen=
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PSA
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Only tumor antigen used for screening
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PSA
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2 ways to check for prostate cancer
(30-40% accurate) |
Digital rectal exam (finger feels only back side of prostate)
PSA (may be false neg. since PSA will also be high with benign) |
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Two types of breast cancer
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ER+ (use Tamoxifen and Roloxifen)
ER- (more serious, drugs won't work, use chemo) |
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3 approaches for removing cancer
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Surgeon's approach (cut)
Kill cancer cells Radiation (burn) |
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Probelem with cutting cancer out of body
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won't work on all types of cancer (prostate, brain, head and neck)
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basis of chemotherapy
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tumor cells need more nutrients since they are growing faster
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4 processes of chemo
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Destroying DNA
anti-metabolite (prevent nucleic acid) chelating agents (hold splitting cells together) cell level (don't allow transfer from mother to daughter cell by clogging tubules or preventing them from dissolving) |
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Drawback of chemo
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Other fast growing normal cells also die
GI (N/V, mouth sores) hair falls out BM (anemia, low platelet count) |
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When is radiation used?
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If tumor is in an unreachable location
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What is radiation?
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Burning of tumor by multiple beams of small radiation
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Where is radiation used?
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brain
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Where isn't radiation used?
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liver, lungs, pelvis (causes sterilization)
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How we diagnose cancer
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biopsy
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Two classes of current immunotherapy strategies
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Active and Passive
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What is active immunotherapy?
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stimulates immune reaction that will kill or slow down tumor
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What is passive immunotherapy?
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equips body to fight tumor by making antibody to antigen from biopsy
- May add chemo or radiation to Ab |
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another name for passive immunity
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adoptive immunity
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