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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Immunology |
The study of immunity |
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Immunity |
The capacity to recognize and defend against infectious agents and other foreign substances |
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Susceptibility |
Vulnerability to infectious agents |
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Innate immunity |
Acts against any infectious agent |
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Adaptive immunity |
Acts against a specific infectious agent |
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Immune System |
A system that provides the host with specific immunity to particular infectious agents |
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Types of Immunity |
- Innate Immunity - Adaptive Immunity - Active Immunity - Passive Immunity |
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Innate Immunity (Type...) |
Nonspecific, heredity defense & protection against many pathogens without prior exposure |
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Adaptive Immunity (Type..) |
Specific, nonheredity defense and protection after exposure to a specific pathogen |
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Active Immunity (Type..) |
A person's own immune system makes antibodies |
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Passive Immunity (Type..) |
Ready made antibodies are introduced into the body |
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Antigen |
A foreign substance that elicits a specific immune response - most antigens are proteins; some are polysaccharides, nucleoproteins, or glycoproteins |
Characteristics of the Immune System |
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Epitope (Antigenic Determinant) |
An area on an antigen to which antibodies bind |
Characteristics of the Immune System |
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Antibody (immunoglobin) |
A protein produced in response to an antigen - antibodies bind to epitopes |
Characteristics of The Immune System |
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Dual Nature of the Immune System |
* Humoral Immunity - carried out mainly by B cells (Antibody cells) *Cell-mediated Immunity - carried out by certain T cells (Memory cells) |
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Properties of Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) -> Structure |
2 heavy and 2 light polypeptide chains - each chain has a variable region that can react to a specific antigen |
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Name 5 Types of Immunoglobulins |
• IgG • IgA • IgM • IgE • IgD |
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Primary Response |
Immune system's 1st encounter with foreign antigens |
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Secondary Response |
Fast, efficient, destruction of antigens recognized by B and T memory cells |
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Humoral Immunity |
Most effective against bacteria - destroyed by agglutination (clumping) or lysed by complement IgM |
Kinds of Antigen - Antibody Reactions |
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Neutralization |
Toxins and some viruses can be inactivated by antigen-antibody |
Kinds of Antigen-Antibody Reactions |
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Monoclonal Antibodies |
Produced in a lab from a clone of cultured cells that make a specific antibody to a specific epitope |
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Cell-Mediated Immunity |
Due to the actions of certain T cells that defend the body against viruses - also responsible for rejecting tumors and transplanted tissues |
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T cells do not make? |
Antibodies (have membrane receptors for antigens that bind to MHC |
Cell - Mediated Immunity |
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Cell - Mediated Immune Reactions |
- Antigens on MHC class II molecules bind with T cell receptors - IL-1 and IL-2 are secreted to activate the T cells - T cells then differentiate into Th1 and Th2 cells - AIDS destroys Th cells, so neither humoral nor cell-mediated immunity work |
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IL-1 and IL-2 |
Are secreted to activate the T cells |
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Compromised Host |
People with reduced resistance |
Factors That Modify Immune Responses |
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Factors That Modify Immune Responses
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Very young or old age, Stress, Seasonal Patterns, Poor Nutrition, Traumatic Injury, Pollution, Radiation |
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Active Immunization |
Induces same response as the one that occurs during a disease - obtained with vaccines and toxoids |
Immunization |
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Vaccine (Active Immunization) |
Made from live attenuated organisms, dead organisms, or a toxoid |
Immunization |
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Toxoid (Active Immunization) |
Made by inactivating toxins |
Immunization |
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Passive Immunization |
Obtained through antisera such as immune serum globulin (gamma globulin), hyperimmune, or convalescent sera, and antitoxins (no action) |
Immunization |
