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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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break immunity into 2 parts |
-Natural -acquired |
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break aquired into 2 parts |
active passive |
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what makes up active immune syster |
T and B cells vaccinations |
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what makes up passive immune system |
trans placental antibody colostrum immune cells or serum |
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what is innate immunity |
-recogition of a broad range of pathogens using receptors, rapid responce team (first rensponce team ambulance, they have broad range of equipment, nothing specialist) |
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what are barrier defences |
-skin -musous membranes -secretions -stomach acid -vaginal fluid -cillia and hairs |
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what are internal defences |
-phagocytes -macrophages -antimicrobial proteins -natural killer cells |
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what is acquired immunity |
rcognition of trains to a specific pathogen with an array of receptos. Slower response but more specialised(e.g getting to hospital, time taken is long but the result is expert care) |
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what is a humoral responce |
antibodies defend against infection on bodily fluids |
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what are cell mediated responses |
cytotoxic lymphocytes defend against infection in body cells |
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what are the differences between innate and adaptive internal immunity |
-innate is rapid, adaptive is slower -innoate doesn't need prior exposure, adaptive is based on a first exposure -innate is present in all animals, adaptive is only present in jawed vertibrates |
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describe the skin |
Anatomy of the mammalian skin. The skin consists of two layers, a keratinized outer epidermis and a richly vascularized inner connective tissue dermis. Special infoldings of the epidermis form the sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles. The epidermis contains four types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Granstein cells. The skin is anchored to underlying muscle or bone by the hypodermis, a loose, fat-containing layer of connective tissue |
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what are keratinocytes in the skin |
prouce keratin which forms the protecive layer of the skin, wateroroof and generates hair,claws, nails |
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what are melaocytes in skin |
produce pigment, protect aginst UV, also harvests vitamin D which bosts immune cell |
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What are skin associated lymphoid tissues? SALT |
Sweat and sebaceous glands |
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describe the digestive tract barriers |
-saliva: lysozymes and defensins -stomach acids: kil bacteria -gut associated lymphoid tissues(GALT) |
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describe the genitourinary system barriers |
-acidic urine, vaginal secretion -mucus |
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describe respiratory system barriers |
-nasal haris -lymphoid tonsils,adenoids -cilia -reflexes, coughing, sneezing |
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name all the leukocyte |
neutrophil -eosinophil -basophil -monocyte -lymphocyte -natural killer cells |
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what are neutrophils |
highly mobile phagocytes |
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what are eosinophils |
-secretes chemical that destroy parasitic worms -allergic response |
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what are basophils |
release histamine and herapin |
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what are monocytes |
transform into macrophages |
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what are natural killer cells |
destroy virus infected host cells and cancer cells |
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what are lymphocytes |
primary cells of acquired immunity |
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dexfibe phagocytosis |
macrophage attach to bacteria cell. plasma membrane engulf -bacteria cell surrounded by phagosome -lysosome fuse with phagosome to form phagolysosome -lytic enzymes break down bacteria -debris is eliminated via egestion |
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what are toll like receptors TLRs |
they recognise associated molecular patterns |
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name some TLRs |
-lipopolysccharide TLR4 -Flagellin TLR5 -ssRNA TLR7 -mCPG TLR9 -Zymosan TLR2 |
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Describe TLR action |
-bacteria bind to TLR 4 receptor -cascade of chemical reactions -activate NF kappa B -cytokine genes activated -cytokines released |
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what are the cytokines released by the TLC action going to do? |
promote b cell activy promote t cell activity attract neutrophils enhance inflammatory responce |
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describe the complement system |
The C3b deposits on a microbe have different pathways of efect to cause different outcomes, |
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describe the alternative pathway for the complement system |
microbe has C3b deposits. C3a breaks off and binds to a leukocytes, causing rescruitment of leukocytes and activates them this causes inflamation and eventually destruction of microbe by leukocyte |
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describe the classical pathway for the complement system |
antibodies attach to the microbe, recognition of the bound C3b by phagocte C3b receptor, phagocytosis of microbe |
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what is the lectin pathway in the complement system
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mannose- binding lectin on the microbe receptors, C3b deposits form membrane, attack complex (MAC)this causes lysis of microbe |
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how do natural killer cells work |
release chemicals that lyse the membrane of infected cels to first exposure them to perforin, proetease and granzymes |
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what are interferons |
-released from virus infected cells(distress call) -transiently interferes with viral replication -enhanced action of natural killer cells -slwos cell division and supressed tumour grouth |
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where are lymphocytes produced |
stem cells in bone marrow |
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where are b cells produces and matured
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bone marrow |
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where are t cells processed
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thymus |
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what are the functions of IgG |
-primary antibody in humans long lived highly specific binding triggers complement activates macropgaes |
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what are IgM and IgA |
-IgM pentametric molecule primary release mops up antigens short lived activates C -IgA monomer circulation dimer in mucosa secreted mucosally GI tract, respiratory and genital tract |
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what is a primary and secondary immune responce |
primary response is when you are first exposed and there is a lag time to produce antibodies secondary response involves having virtually no lag, memory of it means the antibodiues are produced faster and in larger quantities |
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how do antibodies work |
neutralisation agglutination and precipitation activate complement system enhance phagocytosis stimulating NK cells |
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what is streptolysin-O |
immunogenic,hemolytic toxin that is produced by A,C and G streptococci. generates antibofy mediated immune responces |
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what is antistreptosin-O |
the antibody that is produced against the lytic toxins. cross reacts with the cellular matrix(heart,kidneys,joints) scarlet fever and rheumatic fevel and post infectious glomerulenohritis. Antibodies detected serologically |
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what are T lymphocytes responsible for? |
cell mediated immuntiy |
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what do cytotoxic t cells do? |
destroy host cell bearing the foreign antigen(CD8) |
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what do Helper t cells do? |
modulators that turn on the full power of the other activated lymphocytes and macrophages(CD4) |
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what do regulatory t cells do? |
suppress responses(Tregs) |
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differnece between class 1 and class 2 MHC glycoproteins |
class 1: -surface of body cell -presnet viral or cancerous proteins to cytotoxic t cell class 2: -surface of dendritic cells,macrophages and B cells -present forgein antigens to helper cells |
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how do MHC molecules work
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. the antigen of the foreign antigen is presented. so either cytotoxic or helper t will bind to the MHC and either release chemicals to destroy or attract macrophages |
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how does antigen presenting work? |
dentritic cell engulfs bacterium. lysosomes break bacteria down. New MHC molecules synthesised by endoplasmic reticulum. antigens of bacteria bind to MHC. MHC is displayed on surface, cell is now wantigen presneting cell |
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describe bactreia |
they are asexual reproduction by binary fission. Indentical daughter cells. optimum conditions are constant temp, pH neutral,water and oxygen, waste removal. Come in all shapes sizes and they vary |
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what factors need to be considered for bacteria to cause disease |
-location -infectivity -invasiveness -pathogenicity |
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name some ways bacteria can enter body |
damaged skin respiratory tract(mucous membranes) -digestive tract -vectors |
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how do pathogenesis work? |
-damage host cellse.g salmonella -toxic waste e.g vibrio cholerae -body's own defence priduce symptomse.g tuberculosis |
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what is tubercolosis |
-lung infection -inhaling droplets in air -can go through latent period and become active -symptoms -fever -weight loss -coughing -coughing blood treatments -antibiotics for 6months -vaccine |
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what is salmonella |
similar symptoms to typhoid fever -food poisoning from uncooked meat -enters lining of small intestine and multiply symptoms -fever -vomiting diarrhoea -abdominal pain |
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what is antibiotic? |
produced naturaly by bacterias or funguses and they destroy bacteria |
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what are the 2 main types of antibiotic |
bacteriostatic bacteriocidal |
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what is the diffrerecne beweteen narrow and wide spectrum antibiotics |
narrow spectrum: only effective on a few -wide: efective on many pathgens |
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what are the methods that antibiotics destroy bacteria |
prevent formation of cell wall -casue distruption to water balance prevent formation of bacterial proteins -by inhibiting DNA so proteins are not produced |
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how does antibiotic resistance occur |
-resistance is cused by over or mis use of antibiotics giving batceria the opportunity to evolve and become resistance. |
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what are viruses |
protein structures that have a genomes in a capsid and enters host cells to replicate. no cellular structures |
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what is HIV |
-retrovirus that infects helper t cells and so AIDs is a result and the sufferer is suceptible to many diseases |
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how is HIV transmitted |
-blood -semen -needles -pre ejaculate -breast milk |
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how is HIV evolved to become hard to stop by immune responses |
-evolve fast -escape fast out of cytotoxic t lymphoctes -escapes neutralising antibodues -down regualtion of MHC -destroys t helper cells -integration and reactivation |
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what is the thing that causees malaria called |
plasmodium and it is a protazoan |
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describe the lifecycle of the plasmodium |
-mosquito injects protazoan into blood -travel to liver -reproduce in the liver cells -they then enter blood stream and invade red blood cells -mosquito bites infected person -plasmodium |
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what are langerhan cells |
dentritic cells antigen presnting cells of the skin and mucosa, contain large organelle called birbeck granules. They are present in all layers f the epidermis. mostly ijn stratum spinosum |
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what are PRRs PAMPS? |
Pattern recogniton receptors that are expressed by immune system to identify pathogen associated molecula patterns. |
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what is the function of the spleen |
-filter -phagocytotic clearance of the bloodstream produces antibody and slpenic functions to mount an early IgM responce |
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structure of lymph node and where b and t cells are produced
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paracortical area where t cells are and secondary lymphoid follicles where b cells are.
b cells outer cortex, t cells inner cortex medulla b cells and Ig producing plasma cells |
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what is the main purpose of Tcells |
kill, regulate and help |
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are the main functions of b cells |
make antibodies |
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what are the types of antibodies |
IgG IgE IgA IgM IgD |
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what analogy could be used to describe how T/B cells recognise antigens |
speed dating |
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name a primary T cel defect disease |
SCID |
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what is SCID |
defective antibody response non functional t helper cells |
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Name a B cell defect |
common variable immunodeficiency CVID |
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what is CVID |
disease where low level of antibodies are circulationg. can be treated with IVIG intra venous immuno globulin |
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describe the process of inflammation |
-adhesin molecules are selectins and desplaued on endothelial cells -neutrophiles attractted -integrins are activated and attach to adhesion recetor on endothelial cells neutropholes ingesta dn destroy invading bacteria -cells are injured -endothelial cells of the capillaries are activated -inflammatory mediators cause mast cell degranulate and release histamine -extravasation(neutraphils squeeze through walls) margination(accumulation of neutrophils on enothelial vessels |
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what is an allergy |
immune response to substance like dust or polen that becomes hypersensitive |
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what antibody is associated with allegery |
IgE |
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what is the allergic responce leading to |
anaphylaxis |
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what actually happens in an allergic response |
-mast cell stimulated -uptake by dentritic cell -IL4 and IL5 and IL10 causing T helper to come -T helper cause expansion of T h 2 type cells -produce IgE |
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what are the priamry mediators in allergic respose |
-histamines -cytokines -chemoattactants for neutrophils and Eosinophils -enzymes (tryptase,chymase) |
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what effect does histamine have |
-constict smooth muscle -vasodilation -activates enzymes for tissue breakdown |
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what is atopy |
-genetic trait to have a predisposition for localised anaphylaxis |
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what are non IgE mediated allergies |
less wellundertood and are likely to invole multiple cells that react inappropriately to presence of an allergen |
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what is a carcinoma |
arisign from epithelial,glands,breasts,skins and digestive and respiratory systems |
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lymphoma myeloma |
diseases of the lymph nodes and spleen that causes excessive production of lymphocytes |
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leukemia |
disease of bone marrow causing excessive production of leukocytes |
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sarcoma |
solid tumors of muscles bone and cartilage |
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what is cancer immunosurveilance |
imune system recogniss and destroys nascent transformed cells |
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immunoediting
what is cancer |
tumor tends to be genetically unstable and immune system can kill and induce changes in tumor resulting us tumor escape and recurrence |
