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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Virulence factors: Vibrio cholerae |
exotoxin binds to GI cells > severe diarrhea |
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Clostridium botulinum |
neuro-exotoxin> paralysis |
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Gram-negativeendotoxin (LPS) |
excessTNF > septic shock |
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Evasive mechanisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae |
Capsule– resists phagocytosis (inhibits binding to phagocyte receptor) |
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Evasive mechanisms: Streptococcus pyogenes |
◦Mprotein in capsule interferes withadhesion to phagocyte ◦Toxinsthat harm phagocytic cells |
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Evasive mechanisms: Listeriamonocytogenes |
◦Escapesfrom phagosome& multiplies in cytoplasm ◦Hijacksactin filaments to enter adjacent cells Evadesphagocytes outside the cell |
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Evasive mechanisms: Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
◦Blocksfusion of phagosome& lysosome ◦Downregulates MHCI and MHC II in dendritic cells |
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Mycobacterium leprae |
Replicatein non-phagocytic cells |
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Evasive mechanisms: Treponemapallidum |
◦Coatsitself with host proteins, delays immune response byinhibiting complement binding |
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Evasive mechanisms: Borreliaburgdorferi |
Coatsitself with complement inhibitory protein Factor H |
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Evasive mechanisms: Neisseria gonorrheae& Haemphilusinfluenzae |
Producesprotease that degrades IgA |
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Evasive mechanisms: Yersinia enterocolitica |
Bacterialphosphate binds to macrophage intracellular proteins & inhibits thephagocytosis process |
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Evasive parasites: Plasmodium falciparum |
promotes Thsecretion of IL-10 >> down regulates MHC II expression |
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Evasive parasites: Leishmania |
sequesters inside macrophages |
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Evasive parasites: Trypanosomes |
change surface antigens ◦Somecoat selves with host glycolipids & glycoproteins |
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Evasive parasites: Toxoplasma gondii |
Generatesits own intracellular vesicle – does not fuse with other vesicles |
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Evasive parasites: Echinococcus |
hydatid cyst |
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Evasive fungi |
Some lack PAMPs in cell wall/membrane Multi-stage life cycle – changing ofantigens Yeast with capsules ◦Cryptococcus Histoplasmosis ◦Spelunker’sdisease ◦Residesin macrophages Pneumocystis jiroveci ◦opportunistic |
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Viral evasiveness: Herpes simplex and CMV |
◦Virallyencoded Fc receptor – binds IgG ◦Inhibitionof MHC Class I expression – impairs recognition of infected cells by CD8 Tcells ◦Latencyin cells |
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Viral evasiveness: Epstein-Barr virus |
◦Viralinhibition of adhesion molecules – blocks adhesion of lymphocytes to infectedcells ◦Virallyencoded cytokine homolog of IL-10 – inhibits Th1 lymphocytes & reducesinterferon productionf |
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Viral evasiveness: Varicella |
Latencyin dorsal root ganglia >> shingles |
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Viral evasiveness: Influenzavirus |
antigenic variation |
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Attenuated Vaccines |
Live pathogens weakened by growth under modified conditions Ex. BCG, Typhoid fever, Oral polio, and MMR |
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Inactivated Vaccines |
Killed microorganism Ex. Influenza, Hepatitis A |
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Subunit: Toxoid |
Bacterial toxins chemically inactivated Ex. Diphtheria, Tetanus |
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Subunit: Purified components |
Purified components of microorganisms Ex. Pertussis |
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Subunit: Recombinant antigen |
Protein produced by genetically modified nonpathogenic bacteria, yeast or other cells Ex. Hepatitis B, HPV |
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Subunit: Polysaccharides |
Purified polysaccharide from bacterial capsule Ex. Strep. Pneumonia, Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus |
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Adjuvants |
additional substances that increaseimmune responseto target antigens-promote migration and antigen uptake by APCs inducing release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines |
