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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which pathogen causes Diptheria? Is it Bacterial or Viral?
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-Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
-Bacterial |
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Describe the mechanism of action of Corynebacterium Diphtheriae.
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-Produces Diphteria Toxin
-Toxin ADP-Ribosylates EF2 -Leads to Production of Pseudomembrane -Enters Circulation and Damages Heart and organs |
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What accounts for the Symptoms produced by Corynebacterium Diphtheriae?
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-The Toxin!
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If a Patient is found with a Pseudomembrane in their Respiratory Tract, what pathogen is likely responsible for this?
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Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
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Why is removal of the Pseudomembrane from Diphtheria Toxin hazardous?
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Begins to Bleed Underdeath
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What are common sites for Pseudomembrane formation from Diptheria Toxin?
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-Trachea
-Bronchi |
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How and why do the effects of Diptheria Toxin Spread? What can be and is usually affected?
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-Toxin enters the Blood
-Can Affect any organ -Heart is the Major Target |
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What does the Diptheria Vaccine Target?
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THE TOXIN
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Why can Diptheria Vaccine only stop the spread of Corynebacterium Diphtheriae Infection in the Blood?
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-Vaccine is against the toxin
-Elicits IgG synthesis -IgG is in the blood |
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What is the treatment for Diphtheria?
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-Antibiotics to Kill Bacteria
-Anti-toxin to Bind Toxin |
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What is another name for Whooping Cough? Which pathogen causes it?
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-Pertussis
-Bordetella Pertussis |
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How is whooping cough spread?
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-Aerosols
-Direct Contact |
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Why is Pertussis called whooping cough?
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-Bordetella Pertussis causes excess mucus production
-Makes it difficult to bring air in -Leads to Whooping Sound |
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Where does Bordetella Pertussis attach and grow?
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Ciliated Cells
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Describe the 1st stage of Bordetella Pertussis infection. What do the symptoms look like? Infectivity?
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-Resembled Common Cold
-Most Infectious Stage |
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What characterizes the 2nd Stage of Bordetella Pertussis Infection?
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Nonproductive Cough
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How does Bordetella Pertussis lead to its effects? What are they?
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-Excess Mucus production
-Makes it hard to bring air in -Leads to Whooping Sound -Can cause Vomitting |
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Why is the Vaccine the only effective method for control of Bordetella Pertussis infection?
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-We can't tell that a patient has it until it spreads
-Antiobiotic treatment is too late at this point |
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How is Bordetella Pertussis treated?
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Vaccine
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Why has the Incidence of Pertussis increased in the elderly?
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Waning Immunity
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What are the Virulence Factors of Pertussis?
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-AB Type Toxin
-Adhesins -Invasive Adenylate Cyclase -LPS -Peptidoglycan Fragment -Survival Inside Host Cells |
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Describe the Structure of the Pertussis Toxin.
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-AB Type Toxin: 5 Non-Identical B, 1 A
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How does the Pertussis Toxin mediate its effects?
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-A Subunit ADP-Ribosylates G Protein
-Increases cAMP -Can't turn off cAMP |
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Which Virulence Factors of Bordetella Pertussis lead to Inflammation?
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-LPS
-Peptidoglycan Fragment |
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Which pathogen causes Strep Throat?
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Streptococcus Pyogenes
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How is Strep Throat acquired?
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-Aerosols
-Contaminated Food |
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Where and in who is strep throat most common?
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-Children
-Young Adults -Insitutions |
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How does a Strep throat infection start?
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When Streptococcus Pyogenes binds to the Throat Mucosa
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What are some symptoms of Strep Throat?
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-Fever
-Inflamed Thorat and Tonsils with patches of pus |
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From where does Streptococcus Pyogenes mediate its effects?
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-Stays in the throat
-Products enter circulation |
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What are some of the Virulence Factors of Streptococcus Pyogenes?
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-Protein F - Bind Fibronectin
-Cell Wall Fragments - Inflammatory -M Proteins - Prevent Phagocytosis -M-like Proteins - Bind Fc Portion of Abs |
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What does Protein F in Streptococcus Pyogenes do?
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Binds to Fibronectin, which is abundant in the throat
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What do M-like Proteins in Streptococcus Pyogenes do?
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Bind to the Fc portion of Abs and other Host Proteins
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What do M Proteins in Streptococcus Pyogenes do?
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Prevent Phagocytosis
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Which Virulence Factor is mainly responsible for the symptoms of Streptococcus Pyogenes?
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Cell Wall Fragments
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What are some complications of Strep Throat?
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-Acute Glomerulonephritis
-Rheumatic Fever - Can lead to Heart Disease |
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How can Glomerular Nephritis Occur in patients with Strep Throat?
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-Antigen-Antibody Complexes Collect in the Kidney
-Activate Complement -Trigger Inflammation – Type III Immune Reaction |
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How can Rheumatic Fever Occur in patients with Strep Throat?
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-Host makes Abs against M Proteins
-Antibodies react with Heart Proteins -Cytotoxic T Cells trigger Inflammatory Response -Type II Immune Reaction |
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How is STrep throat diagnosed?
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-Throat Swab on Blood Agar
-Check for Beta-Hemolysis |
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How is Strep Throat treated?
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Penicillin
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Which Pathogen causes Pneumonia, Ear Aches, Menigitis, and Septic Shock?
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Streptococcus Pneumoniae
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Describe the morphology of Streptococcus Pneumoniae.
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-Gram Positive
-Alpha Hemolytic -Diplococcus |
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Where does Streptococcus Pneumoniae usually colonize? What are some common places that it spreads to?
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-Nose and Throat
-Eustachian Tube and Lung |
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Which pathogen has the following virulence factors?
-Antiphagocytic Capsule -Autolysins -Pneumolysin |
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
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What are some of the virulence factors of Streptococcus Pneumoniae?
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-Antiphagocytic Capsule
-Autolysins -Pneumolysin |
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How does the Antiphagocytic Capsule of Streptococcus Pneumoniae work?
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Prevents Complement from attacking bacteria
-Prevents contact between Phagocyte Receptor and IgG or C3b bound to cell -Prevents formation of C43 Convertase |
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How do Autolysins from Streptococcus Pneumoniae work?
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-Cause Bacteria to Lyse
-Techoic Acid and Peptidoglycan are released: Activates Complement, leads to symptoms |
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How does Pneumolysin from Streptococcus Pneumoniae work?
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-Pore-forming Toxin
-Released during Lysis -Inflammatory |
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What the fuck is the deal with treatment for Streptococcus Pneumoniae?
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Increasing resistance to Antibiotics
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What are the Different kinds of Bacterial Pneumonia?
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-Typical (Airspace) Pneumonia
-Atypical (Interstitial) Pneumonia -Primary Pneumonia -Secondary Pneumonia |
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What is Primary Pneumonia?
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Occurs due to Inhalation
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What causes "walking pneumonia"
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Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
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What type of Cells does Mycoplasma Pneumoniae attach to? What is unique about its attachment?
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-Attaches to Tracheal Epithelial Cells
-Stays outside - 1 Step away from being Intracellular |
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What type of pathogen is Chlamydophila Pneumoniae?
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Obligate Intracellular Pathogen
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Where is Chlamydophila Pneumoniae common?
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-College Campuses
-Military Bases |
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Where does Legionella Pneumophila usually grow?
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-Biofilms
-In Macrophages |
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What is the main virulence factor of Legionella Pneumophila?
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Ability to grow in Macrophages
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By looking at an x-ray, how can you tell the difference between pneumonia caused by Legionella Pneumophila and Mycoplasma Pneumoniae?
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-Mycoplasma Pneumoniae - Concentrated Damage
-Legionella Pneumophila - Diffuse |
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What are some of the virulence factors of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa?
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-Superoxide Radicals
-Hydrogen Peroxide |
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What pathogen is commonly known as Anthrax?
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Bacillus Anthracis
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How and where does Bacillus Anthracis act?
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-Taken up by Macrophages
-Transported to Lymph Node - Act here -Effects are Systemic |
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What are the Virulence Factors of Bacillus Anthracis?
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-Lethal Toxin: AB, Kills Macrophages, Causes Shock
-Edema Toxin: AB, Mediastinal Widening -Poly-D-Glutamate Capsule: Doesn't Elicit Protective Abs |
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Which pathogen has the following virulence factors?
-Lethal Toxin: AB, Kills Macrophages, Causes Shock -Edema Toxin: AB, Mediastinal Widening -Poly-D-Glutamate Capsule: Doesn't Elicit Protective Abs |
Bacillus Anthracis
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What are the advantages of using B. anthracis as an agent of bioterrorism?
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Multiplies quickly, survives tons of shit, deadly
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What are the disadvantages of using B. anthracis as an agent of bioterrorism?
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Early Treatment usually takes care of it
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