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97 Cards in this Set
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infection |
disease state that results from the presence of pathogens in or on the body |
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pathogens |
agent that causes disease especially a living microorganism such as a bacterium or fungus |
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infection control |
trying to control the spread of pathogens |
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not taking precautions to stop the spread of infection |
negligence |
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many people catch infections while in hospital because |
they have a compromised immune state and disease is easily spread |
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epidemiology |
branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population sum of the factors controlling the presence or absence of a disease or pathogen |
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CDC |
center for disease control |
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cdc mission |
to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability |
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goal of epidemiology in hospitals |
decrease all preventable hospital associated infections and pinpoint determinants |
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goal of CDC |
decrease all preventable infections and pinpoint determinants |
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center for disease control and epidemiology in hospital -responsibilites |
policies to prevent spread education research monitor collect data |
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nosocomial |
infection that happens in a hospital |
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latrogenic |
occurs as a result of treatment or diagnostic procedure |
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exogenous (exopathogens) |
causative agent is acquired from other people exo -outside |
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endogenous |
causative agent comes form microbial life the person harbors within self |
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disease |
related signs and symptoms associated with the infectious agent |
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subclinical disease |
presence of infection, but no clinically observable signs/symptoms |
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colonization |
infection without an immune response |
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carrier |
person who has no clinical signs. is capable of spreading disease |
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contamination |
presence of microorganisms on the body or on inanimate objects |
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types of pathogens |
viruses bacteria fungi protozoans algae
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virus |
consists of genetic material in protein envelope |
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virus - cell? -size |
not a cell much much much smaller than bacteria |
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viruses are unable to _______________________ |
replicated outside of living host |
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viruses can be spread through: |
carrier organisms (mosquitos) the air direct transfer of body fluids surfaces on which body fluids have dried |
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viruses spread depends on |
the type of virus ex HIV dies fairly quickly outside the body vs hep B |
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Bacteria |
most common and significant in health care -bacteria are about the simplest cells that eist today -they are single, selfcontained, living cells |
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escherichia coli bacteria |
typical about 1/100th the size of a human cell |
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fungus |
any of a major group of saprophytic and parasitic spore-producting organisms that lack chlorophyll, are usually classified as plants, and include molds, rusts, mildews, smuts, mushrooms, and yeast. |
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are bacteria cells |
yes |
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are fungus cells |
yes |
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Candida albicans (candidiasis) |
yeast fungus that causes ulcers or leukoplakia in the mouth |
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infectious disease cannot occur without the presence of _______________________ |
an infectious agent |
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pathogenicity |
ability of an agent to cause clinical disease |
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verulence |
severity of a clinical disease, expressed in morbidity and mortality |
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most common sources of nosocomial infections |
bacteria and viruses |
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reservoir |
where microorganism lives and reproduces |
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source |
from where the microoorganism comes |
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host |
person to whom infectious agent is passed transfer from source to host -indirect or direct |
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infection cycle |
reservoir source host |
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lyme disease |
disease from ticks and mouses |
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factors that affect the risk of infection |
changes in defenses immunosuppresion cancer therapies age general health lifestyle environment |
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three disease phases once you are infected |
incubation clinical disease convalescence |
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incubation |
interval between the invasion of the body and the appearance of symptoms of infection |
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clinical disease -prodromal -full stage illness |
prodromal - presence of specific signs and symptoms, person is most infectious full stage illness- localized, systemic
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convalescence |
recovery from infection |
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necessary ingredients for the recipe of infection |
portal of exit portal of entrance transmission defense mechanisms |
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nonspecific defense mechanisms |
mechanical/chemical barriers -skin -cilia -acidic environment -inflammatory action |
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specific defense mechanisms |
immune response -natural (naturally immune) -artificial (flu shot) --active (vaccine) --passive (short term antibiotics)
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transmission routes |
contact -direct -indirect -droplets Common vehicle -fomite - toilet seats, doorknob Airborne -droplet nuclei, dust particles, skin squames vectorborne (tick) |
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types of contact transmission |
direct indirect large droplet |
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large droplet spread is what kind of transmission |
contact transmission |
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influenza what kind of transmission |
long thought to be contact, now found to be small droplet spread |
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common vehicle transmission |
contaminated objects spread infectious agent to many persons |
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Fomite |
used both in indirect and vehicle transmission |
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difference between vehicle and indirect transmission |
vehicle infect MANY people while indirect does not |
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airborne transmission |
transmission through air over long distances |
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vectorborne |
animate being transmits infectious agent |
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infection control measures include |
reduction of spread vaccinations identification and treatment |
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treatment of infection consists of |
antibiotics antiviral agents antifungal agents |
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aspesis |
freedom from infection of infectious material |
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surgical asepsis |
practices aimed at destroying pathological organism before they can enter the body through an open wound during surgery |
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medical asepsis |
practices aimed at destroying pathological organisms after they leave the body |
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vaccines |
preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen such as a bacterium or virus that causes the body to stimulate antibody production or cellular immunity against the pathogen. |
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Standard precautions define |
all human blood and certain body fluids are to be treated as if known to be infectious. focuses on blood an body fluids containing blood |
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OSHA |
occupational safety and health administration -create guidelines for safety |
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body substance isolation |
focuses on isolation of all moist body substances in all patients |
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types of isolation |
strict isolation contact isolation airborne isolation |
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strict isolation |
prevent transmissions of high infectious infections -contact or air -private room, negative air flow |
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contact isolation |
prevent disease spread by close or direct contact |
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airborne isolation |
prevents large droplet transmission, and small particle transmission -negative air flow
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reverse isolation |
protecting patients from us |
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types of precautions |
enteric drainage and secretion disease specific isolation |
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enteric precautions |
infections dealing with fecal matter |
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drainage and secretion precautions |
purulent material or drainage from infected body site any infection which produces a discharge |
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disease specific isolation |
each disease is treated unique 150 common disease specific guidelines |
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Germicides |
kills microorganisms which causes disease |
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handwashing -how many seconds |
15s |
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antiseptic |
for skin surfaces inhibits growth of bacteria |
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antibacterial |
kills bacteria |
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disinfection |
kills most microbials not spores |
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sterilization |
kills all microbial life forms including spores |
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methods of sterilization and disinfection |
physical chemical radiation |
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medical equipment -critical items |
must be sterile, inserted into body or bloodstream |
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medical equipment -semicritical items |
-preferable to sterilize products which contact mucosal surfaces by do not ordinarily penetrate body |
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noncritical equipment |
not for sterile |
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autoclaving |
sterilzation machine |
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types of autoclaving machines |
gas and steam |
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external indicators for sterilization |
packaging tags |
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internal indicators of sterilization measures |
biological indicators placed inside package with item |
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hepatitis A -transmission -vaccine? -cure? |
spread by contact and indirect contact -fecal contamination has vaccine there is a cure |
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heptatis B transmission vaccine? cure? |
direct and indirect with body fluids vaccine no cure |
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Hep C transmission vaccine? cure? |
direct and indirect with body fluids no vaccine no cure |
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herpes zoster |
shingles -can only be passed to those who have never had chicken pox |
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methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus MRSA |
bacteria commly carried on the skin or nose of healthy people -transmission:contact |
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tuberculosis infection vs disease |
infection: has TB but not active and cannot spread disease: has active disease, highly contagious airborne |
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c difficile |
infection through contact with contaminated feces |
