Image Production And Evaluation

Front 1

Factors affecting scatter rad

Back 1

Energy

Field size

Thickness

Grid

Air gap technique

Front 2

Intrinsic properties of Grid

Back 2

BGC

Bucky factor

Grid selectivity

Contrast enhancement factor

Front 3

kVp controls

Back 3

Energy

X-ray quantity

Contrast

Front 4

Old unit of thickness

Back 4

mils (1 mils= 0.008")

Front 5

Molten polymer is made up of:

Back 5

1. DMT- Dimethyl terephthalate

2. ETHYLENE GLYCOL

Front 6

Collodion

Back 6

Formerly used emulsion binder

Front 7

Covering power

Back 7

Efficient use of silver in the emulsion

Front 8

Cross over light/ parallax effect

Back 8

Light crosses over to the second emulsion

Front 9

Film construction/ manufacturing

Back 9

1. Crystal production

2. Ripening

3. Mixing

4. Coating

Front 10

Gurney-mott theory

Back 10

1. Ionization

2. Migration

3. Breakage

4. Attraction

Front 11

Latensification effect

Back 11

The film becomes 8x sensitive after expo

Front 12

Spectral response

Back 12

Range of light photons in which the film has a response

Front 13

Peak sensitivity

Back 13

Wavelength of light in w/c the film has its highest response

Front 14

Cut-off sensitivity

Back 14

No response to wavelength of light

Front 15

Factors affecting speed

Back 15

1. No. of SHC

2. No. of sensitivity center

3. Thickness of emulsion

4. Size of SHC

DYE= dec speed

Front 16

High detail film

Back 16

25 RSV

Front 17

small SHC

Back 17

High contrast

Narrow film latitude

Front 18

Large SHC

Back 18

Low contrast

Wide film latitue

Front 19

Halation

Back 19

Formation of halo/ blurring (single coated emulsion)

Front 20

Double coated emulsion

Back 20

FaLLoW

Fast speed

Low detail

Low film contrast

Wide latitude

Front 21

Direct film

Back 21

inc mAs= inc px dose

dec blur = inc detail

AgBr = 1-10%

AgI = 90-99%

Radiation sensitive film

Therapy

Front 22

Indirect film

Back 22

Dec mAs = dec px dose

inc blur = dec detail

AgBr = 90-99%AgI = 1-10%

Light sensitive film

Gen. Radiography

Front 23

Storage temperature

Back 23

20°C/ 68°F

Front 24

Humidity

Back 24

40-60%

Front 25

Polyethylene bag (black/violet)

Back 25

Absorbs white light

Front 26

Metal foil

Back 26

Decreases condensation inside film/ dec moist

Front 27

Interleaving paper/ cardboard

Back 27

Reduces the pressure inside the film, to prevent sticking w/ each other

Front 28

Causes of fog

Back 28

CHARL

Chemical fog

Heat fog

Age fog

Radiation fog

Light fog

Front 29

Air-gap technique

Back 29

OID= 10-15 cm

Front 30

Purpose of IS

Back 30

Dec px dose by >20%

Dec mAs

Front 31

Reflective layer

Back 31

Magnesium oxide/ titanium dioxide

Front 32

Protective layer

Back 32

Cellulose acetobiturate

Front 33

Film graininess

Back 33

Noise/ mottle

Uneven distribution of SHC

Front 34

Structural mottle

Back 34

Uneven distribution of phosphor crystals

(noise; salt & pepper appearance)

Front 35

Fluorescence

Back 35

Emission of light during stimulation

Only happen during 1 revolution (<10^-8 sec)

Front 36

Phosphorescence/ afterglow/ screen lag

Back 36

Emission of light even after stimulation

Happens at more that 1 revolution (>10^-8 sec)

Front 37

Phosphor binder

Back 37

Acetate acrylate

Front 38

Screen speed

Back 38

Efficiency of emission of light photons

Front 39

Factors affecting screen speed

Back 39

1. No. of phosphor crystals

2. Presence of reflective layer

3. Size of crystals

4. Thickness of crystals

5. Dye

Front 40

Front cover

Back 40

Low atomic number:

Aluminum

Bakelite

Carbon

Magnesium

* to transmit remnant x-rays

Front 41

Back cover

Back 41

Lead

To lessen the formation of backscatter rad'n

Front 42

Poor F/S contact

Back 42

Inc blur = dec detail

Front 43

Indirect safelight

Back 43

Interact first to the ceiling then bounces to the film

Sodium vapor lamp - mercury

Front 44

Psychrometer

Back 44

Measures humidity

Front 45

Wall of DR

Back 45

Thickness: 1.5 mmP/ 1/16" Pb/ 6" concrete

Paint: light colors (ivory/ pastel)

To increase reflectance of safelight

Matte finish: absorb white light

Front 46

Protect the unexposed SHC

Back 46

Restrainer/ starter/ antifog agent

Front 47

Potassium bromide

Back 47

Restrainer

Alt: benzotriazole (PQ dev)

Front 48

Alkalinity of soln

Back 48

9.6-11pH

Front 49

Sodium carbonate

Back 49

Activator/ accelerator/ alkalinizer

Front 50

Sodium hydroxide (lye)

Back 50

Strongest alkali sol'n

Front 51

Preservative/ stabilizer/ antioxidation

Back 51

- Lengthen the use of dev sol'n

- chemical balance

- removes air in the dev sol'n to prevent aerial oxidation

Front 52

Alt for sodium sulfite

Back 52

Potassium sulfite

Cycon (PQ dev)

Front 53

Film jam/ damp film

Back 53

Too little hardener

Front 54

Glutaraldehyde

Back 54

Controls emulsion swelling

Front 55

Removes metallic impurities

Back 55

Sequestering agent

Front 56

Alt for chelates

Back 56

Edetate (EDTA)

Calgon

Front 57

acidity of fixer sol'n

Back 57

4.2-4.9 pH

Front 58

Neutralizes the dev sol'n

Back 58

Activator/ accelerator/ acidifier

Front 59

Acetic acid

Back 59

Activator

Alt: sulfur acid

Front 60

Buffering agent

Back 60

Maintains acidity of the fixer

Front 61

Ammonium thiosulfate

Back 61

Clearing agent/ fixing agent

Alt: sodium thiosulfate (hypo)

Front 62

Hardener

Back 62

Archival quality

Shrinka and stiffens emulsion

Front 63

Alt: Potassium alum

Back 63

Chromium alum

Aluminum chloride

Front 64

Boric acid/ borate salts/ carboxylic acids

Back 64

Sequestering agent

Front 65

Silver recovery

Back 65

1. Chemical precipitation- 95%

2. Metallic displacement- 98%

3. Electrolytic- 98%

Front 66

Transport system

Back 66

Moves the film

Controls the processing time

Agitation of chemical

Front 67

Transport subsystems:

Back 67

a. Entrance roller subassembly

b. Transport roller subassembly

c. Turn-around subassembly

d. Crossover subassembly

Front 68

Turn-around subassembly

Back 68

i. Master roller/ solar roller

ii. Planetary roller

iii. Guide shoe/ deflector plates

Front 69

Squeegee rollers

Back 69

Squeeze out the excess dev. sol'n before reaching crossover subassembly and move to another tank

Front 70

Flood replenishment

Back 70

For every 5 mins, 65 ml sol'n is added

Rec. for busy hospital

Front 71

Volume replenishment

Back 71

Dependent on volume of film

Developer: 60-70 cc/ 14"

Fixer: 100-110 cc/ 14"

Front 72

Temp in dev sol'n

Back 72

35°C/ 95°F

Front 73

Temp in fixer sol'n

Back 73

32-35°C/ 90-95°F

Front 74

Wash temp

Back 74

32°C/ 90°F

Front 75

Gross temperature control

Back 75

Warm water processor

Front 76

Fine temperature control

Back 76

Cold water processor

Front 77

Agitates, mixes and filters sol'n

Back 77

Recirculation system

Front 78

12-20 L/min or 3-4 gal/hr

Back 78

Wash tank

Front 79

120-150°F

Back 79

Drying system

Front 80

damp film

Back 80

Caused by depletion of glutaraldehyde

Front 81

photographic factors

Back 81

Visibility of the image

Front 82

Contrast res

Back 82

Ability to image similar tissie characteristics

Factors:

Density

Contrast

Front 83

Geometric factors

Back 83

Sharpness of image

Front 84

Spatial res

Back 84

Ability to image small objects

Factors:

Distortion

Detail

Front 85

Densitometer

Back 85

Measure radiographic density

Front 86

Optical density

Back 86

Unit of density

Logarithmic fxn of the light transmitted through the film

Front 87

Base density

Back 87

0.11-0.13 OD

Front 88

Fog density

Back 88

0.15-0.18 OF

Front 89

B+F

Back 89

0.11-0.31 OD

Front 90

Acceptable range of density

Back 90

0.25-2.5 OD