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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the vertebrae of the back?
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7 cervical
12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral (fused) 4 coccygeal (fused) |
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What are the vertebrae typically composed of?
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body
vertebral arch vertebral notch vetebral processes foramina |
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What are medial portions of the body of the vertebrae that appear spongy?
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centrum
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what ring of smooth bone is on the periphery of the body of the vertebrae?
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epiphysial rim
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What makes up the vertebral arch?
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pedicles
laminae |
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What are short, stout cylindrical processes that project posteriorly?
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pedicles
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What are broad, flat plates that meet at the spinous process?
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laminae
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What is the median projection that extends posteroinferiorly?
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spinous process
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What projection extends posterolaterally from the junction of pedicle and lamine?
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transverse processes
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Where do the vertebrae attach to each other?
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superior and inferior articular processes/facets
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What articular surface for ribs are on the thoracic vertebrae?
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costal processes/facets
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What tubercles are on the superior process of the lumbar vertebrae?
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mammilary processes
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What are the types of vertebral processes?
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spinous process
transverse process articular process costal process mammilary process |
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What are the 3 foramina of the vertebrae?
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vertebral foramina
intervertebral foramina transverse foramina |
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What keeps the bones from rubbing together?
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hyaline cartilage
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What foramina does the spinal cord pass through?
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vertebral foramina
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What foramina do the spinal nerves pass through?
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intervertebral foramina
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What foramina do the vertebral artery and vein pass through?
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transverse foramina
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What type of vertebrae have transverse foramen?
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cervical vertebrae
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What type of vertebrae have articular facets for ribs?
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thoracic vertebrae
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What type of vertebrae have mammilary processes?
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lumbar vertebrae
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What type of vertebrae have the greatest range and variety of movement?
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cervical vertebrae
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Which vertebrae has the carotid tubercle?
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C6
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What vertebrae does not have a body but has a posterior tubercle instead?
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C1
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What do the superior articular facets of the atlas articulate with?
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occipital condyles of the occipital bone
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What maintains the dens in its proper position in the vertebral foramen of C1, and prevents it from crushing the spinal cord?
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transverse ligament
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What vertebrae has the dens?
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C2
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What vertebrae have the smallest vertebral foramen?
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thoracic vertebrae
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Why do lumbar vertebrae have short, thick, wide spinous processes?
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gives more surface area for attachment of muscles
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Why is the cervical enlargement bigger than the lumbar?
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because the fine motor skills are associated with the cervical vertebrae
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What makes up the sacrum?
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5 fused sacral vertebrae
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What is a continuation of vertebral foramen that contains the cauda equina?
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sacral canal
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What is the exit point of the posterior and anterior rami of the spinal nerves (analogous to intervertebral foramina)?
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sacral foramina
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Which is larger: the anterior sacral foramina or the posterior?
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anterior
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What is the anterior projecting edge of the sacral body?
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sacral promonotory
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What is the point where the superior surface of S1 articulates with the inferior surface of L5?
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base of sacrum
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What is the oval facet for articulation with the coccyx?
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apex of the sacrum
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What surface of the sacrum has four transverse lines indicating the fusion of the sacral vertebrae?
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pelvic (anterior) surface
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Is the dorsal surface of the sacrum smooth?
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no, the pelvic (anterior) surface is smooth
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What leads into the sacral canal?
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sacral hiatus
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What are the inferior articular processes of S5?
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sacral cornua
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What is the synovial portion of the sacroiliac joint (between sacrum and ilium)?
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lateral (auricular) surface
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When do the three primary ossification centers of the vertebrae form?
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at birth
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When do the five secondary ossification centers of the vertebrae form?
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at puberty
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In the thoracic region, what do the costal elements develop into?
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ribs
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What do the IV discs consist of?
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anulus fibrosus
nucleus pulposus |
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How is the anulus fibrosus arranged?
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concentrically (criss-cross)
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What is the gelatinous central mass that compreses and flattens during weight bearing?
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nucleus pulposus
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What are the ligaments of the joints of the vertebral bodies
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anterior longitudinal ligament
posterior longitudinal ligament |
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What is located between the unci of the bodies of C3-C6 and the beveled inferolateral surfaces of the vertebral bodies superior to them?
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uncovertebral joints
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What prevents hyperextension of vertebral column?
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anterior longitudinal ligament
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What prevents hyperflexion?
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posterior longitudinal ligament
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What prevents herniation of the nucleus pulposus?
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posterior longitudinal ligament
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What are plane synovial joints between superior and inferior articular facets?
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zygapophysial joints
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What is the degree of movement of the zygapophysial joints dependant upon?
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shape and alignment of articular surfaces
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What are the 5 accessory ligaments?
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ligamenta flava
interspinous ligaments supraspinous ligaments nuchal ligament intertransverse ligament |
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What ligament resists separation of the vertebral lamina and prevents abrupt flexion?
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ligamenta flava
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What preserves the normal curvature of the vertebral column?
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ligamenta flava
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What connects the occipital protuberance and foramen magnum to the spinous process of cervical vertebrae?
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nuchal ligament
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Which ligaments merge with the nuchal ligament?
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supraspinous ligaments
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Where is the last nuchal ligament?
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C7
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What connects the adjacent transverse processes?
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intertransverse ligaments
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What innervates the zygapophysial joints?
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dual innervation is supplies by the articular branches of the posterior ramus
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Where are the atlanto-occipital joints?
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superior articular surfaces of the lateral masses of the atlas articulates with occipital condyles
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What joint permits nodding?
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atlanto-occipital joint
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What is the atlanto-axial joint?
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cranium and C1 rotate as unit on C2
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What allows head to be rotated side to side
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atlanto-axial joints
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What type of joint is the lateral atlanto-axial joint?
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gliding, synovial type joint
(allows C1 to glide over C2) |
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What type of joint is the medial atlanto-axial joint?
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pivot joint
(C1 pivots around C2) |
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What makes up the cruciate ligament?
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transverse ligament of the atlas
superior longitudinal bands inferior longitudinal bands |
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What ligament prevents excessive rotation (why humans can't do a full-on exorcist twist)?
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alar ligaments
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What covers the alar and transverse ligaments?
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tectorial membrane
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Describe the movement of the vertebrae v. the movement of the vertebral column.
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movements between adjacent vertebrae are small (especially in thoracic region)
summation of all the small vertebral movements produces a considerable range of motion of the vertebral column |
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What limits the range of motion of the vertebral column?
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thickness, elasticity, and compressibility of IV discs
shape and orientation of zygapophysical joints tension of the joint capsules of zygapophysial joints resistance of the back muscles and ligaments attachment of the thoracic cage bulk of surrounding tissue |
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What are the curvatures of the vertebral column?
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kyphoses
lordoses |
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What are the primary curvatures of the vertebral column?
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thoracic and sacral (kyphoses)
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Describe kyphoses.
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concave anteriorly
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What are the secondary curvatures of the vertebral column?
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cervical and lumbar (lordoses)
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Describe lordoses.
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concave posteriorly
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Are kyphoses developed or acquired?
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developed
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Are lordoses developed or acquired?
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acquired
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When do cervical curvatures develop?
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when infant begins to raise head
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When are lumbar curvatures acquired?
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when the infant begins to stand upright
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What resists increased thoracic kyphosis?
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extensors of the back
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What resist increased lumbar lordosis?
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abdominal flexors
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What arteries supply the red marrow of the central vertebral body?
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nutrient arteries
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What arteries supply the spinal nerves and cord?
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radicular and segmental medullary arteries
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What supplies the vertebral arch and gives off branches to supply the spinal process?
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posterior vertabral canal arteries
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What are the parent arteries of the vertebral column?
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vertebral and ascending cervical
segmental arteries posterior intercostal subcostal and lumbar iliolumbar and lateral and median sacral arteries |
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What arteries supply the cervical vertebrae?
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vertebral
ascending cervical |
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What arteries supply the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae?
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segmental arteries
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What arteries supply the thoracic vertebrae?
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posterior intercostal
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What arteries supply the lumbar vertebrae?
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subcostal and lumbar
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What arteries supply the sacrum?
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iliolumbar
lateral and medial sacral arteries |
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What veins drain the red bone marrow of vertebral bodies?
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basivertebral veins
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What veins receive blood from all plexi?
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intervertebral veins
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What veins drain into vertebral (neck) and segmental veins (thoracic cavity)?
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intervertebral veins
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