Ih - Principles

Front 1

What is Industrial Hygiene?

Back 1

What is Industrial Hygiene?
􀁺 That science and art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors and stresses arising in or from the workplace which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or among the citizens of the community.

Front 2

Environmental Factors or
Stresses

Back 2

Environmental Factors or
Stresses
􀁺 Chemical Hazards
􀁺 Physical Hazards
􀁺 Biological Hazards
􀁺 Ergonomic Hazards

Front 3

Chemical Hazards

Back 3

Chemical Hazards
􀁺 Solvents
􀁺 Heavy Metals
􀁺 Irritants
􀁺 Sensitizers
􀁺 Particulates

Front 4

Physical Hazards

Back 4

Physical Hazards
􀁺 Ionizing Radiation
􀁺 Non-ionizing Radiation
􀁺 Noise
􀁺 Temperature Extremes
􀁺 Abnormal Pressures
􀁺 Vibration
􀁺 Mechanical Stressors

Front 5

Biological Hazards

Back 5

Biological Hazards
􀁺 Blood-borne Pathogens
􀁺 Molds & Mycobacterium
􀁺 Plant and Animal Allergens

Front 6

Ergonomic Hazards

Back 6

Ergonomic Hazards
􀁺 Repetitive motions in awkward positions
􀁺 Improper lifting or reaching
􀁺 Improperly designed tools, work areas, or work procedures

Front 7

Hazard vs. Toxicity

Back 7

Hazard vs. Toxicity
􀁺 Toxicity: the ability of a substance to cause
harm
􀁺 Hazard: the likelihood that harm will result

Front 8

Routes of Entry

Back 8

4
Routes of Entry
􀁺 Inhalation
􀁺 Absorption
􀁺 Ingestion
􀁺 Injection

Front 9

IH Key Elements

Back 9

IH Key Elements
􀁺 Anticipation
􀁺 Recognition
􀁺 Evaluation
􀁺 Control

Front 10

Hazard Anticipation

Back 10

Hazard Anticipation
􀁺 Qualitative Review of :
– Process Materials
– End products and byproducts
– Equipment and production
– Engineering controls

Front 11

Hazard Recognition

Back 11

Hazard Recognition
􀁺 Understand the processes and materials in the
workplace
􀁺 Passive surveillance
– Worker’s compensation records
– OSHA log
􀁺 Active surveillance
– Interview workers and supervisors
– Observe work practices and housekeeping

Front 12

Evaluating a Health Hazard

Back 12

Evaluating a Health Hazard
􀁺 Probability of exposure
􀁺 Nature of the chemical or energy involved
􀁺 Intensity of the exposure
􀁺 Duration of the exposure

Front 13

Evaluation
􀁺 Determine intensity by measurement of:

Back 13

Evaluation
􀁺 Determine intensity by measurement of:
– Chemical
– Physical
– Ergonomic or
– Biological Stresses

Front 14

Evaluation
􀁺 Measurement Methodologies
– Quantitative Assessments

Back 14

Evaluation
􀁺 Measurement Methodologies
– Quantitative Assessments
􀁺 Skin Sampling
􀁺 Surface Sampling
􀁺 Biological Monitoring
􀁺 Biomechanics and Anthropometrics
􀁺 Air Sampling

Front 15

Air Sampling

Back 15

Air Sampling
􀁺 Where
􀁺 When
􀁺 How
􀁺 Interferences

Front 16

Primary Governmental Agencies Responsible for Occupational Health

Back 16

Primary Governmental Agencies
Responsible for Occupational Health
􀁺 Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA)
􀁺 National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health (NIOSH)

Front 17

Evaluation
􀁺 Data Analysis and Interpretation

Back 17

Evaluation
􀁺 Data Analysis and Interpretation
– Compare with Occupational Exposure Limits
􀁺 OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL):
􀁺 ACGIH Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)
􀁺 NIOSH REL (Recommended Exposure Limit, also called NIOSH REL)
􀁺 NIOSH Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health (IDLH)
– Company Exposure Guidelines

Front 18

Workplace Exposure
Guidelines
􀁺 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)

Back 18

Workplace Exposure
Guidelines
􀁺 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)
– Published by American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
Threshold limit values refer to airborne concentrations of
substances and represents conditions under which it is
believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effects

Front 19

Dose Response Relationship

Back 19

Dose = Concentration X Time

Front 20

ACGIH Exposure Guidelines

Back 20

ACGIH Exposure Guidelines
􀁺 Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL) - typically a 15 min sample
􀁺 Ceiling Limit (TLV-C) - short term sample, usually <15 min sample
􀁺 Skin
􀁺 Mixtures
􀁺 Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA)
C1T1 + C2T2 + C3T3+…CnTn/480 minutes

Front 21

Range of TLVs

Back 21

Range of TLVs
HIGHEST
– Carbon dioxide - 5000 ppm
LOWEST
– Osmium tetroxide - 0.0002 ppm
- where ever worker is

Front 22

Biological Exposure Indices

Back 22

Biological Exposure Indices
􀁺 ACGIH BEIs
– Urine, breath, blood, hair
– Unchanged chemical or metabolite or
biomarker
– Half-life of metabolite
􀁺 OSHA (cadmium and lead)

Front 23

Exposure Guidelines
􀁺 OSHA: Permissible Exposure Limits
(PELs)

Back 23

Exposure Guidelines
􀁺 OSHA: Permissible Exposure Limits
(PELs)
– OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits: PEL-TWA
Eight hour time-weighted average concentration

PEL-STEL
15 minute time-weighted average concentration

PEL-C
Ceiling concentration - not to be exceeded

– Action level: a concentration that requires an
action to be taken, such as training, engineering
controls, etc.

Front 24

NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limits:

Back 24

NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limits: REL-TWA
Eight hour time-weighted average concentration

REL-STEL
15 minute time-weighted average concentration

REL-C
Ceiling concentration - not to be exceeded

IDLH
30 minute concentration that is Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health

Front 25

ACGIH recommended Treshold Limit Values:

Back 25

ACGIH recommended Treshold Limit Values: TLV-TWA
Eight hour time-weighted average concentration

TLV-STEL
15 minute time-weighted average concentration

TLV-C
Ceiling concentration - not to be exceeded

Front 26

IDLH - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health

Back 26

IDLH - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health The maximum level from which a worker could escape without any irreversible health effects within a 30 minute time-frame.

Front 27

Biological Exposure Indices

Back 27

Biological Exposure Indices
􀁺 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs®)
– Urine, breath, blood, hair
– Unchanged chemical or metabolite or biomarker
– Half-life of metabolite
􀁺 OSHA (cadmium and lead)

Front 28

Other Exposure Guidelines &
Consensus Standards

Back 28

Other Exposure Guidelines &
Consensus Standards
􀁺 American Industrial Hygiene Association
(AIHA)
– Workplace Environmental Exposure Limits
(WEEL’s)
– Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG’s)
􀁺 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
– respiratory protection programs
– labeling of hazardous materials

Front 29

PEL v. TLV

Back 29

PEL v. TLV
• PEL’s (OSHA) have State/Federal legal
authority
- consider cost/benefit
• TLV’s (ACGIH) are state-of-the-art
guidelines
- No legal authority
- Do not consider cost/benefit

Front 30

Hazard Evaluation

Back 30

Hazard Evaluation
1. Identify the hazard
2. Measure the exposure
3. Compare to standard or guideline

Front 31

Controls

Back 31

Controls
􀁺 Engineering - always first choice
􀁺 Administrative
􀁺 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - last choice

Front 32

Control Methods

Back 32

Control Methods
􀁺 Engineering
– Substitution - can we substitute for a less toxic chemical?
– Isolation
– Enclosure
– Ventilation
􀁺 Administrative
– Reduced work time
– Training
􀁺 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
– Gloves, respirators, etc.

Front 33

What is an Industrial Hygienist

Back 33

What is an Industrial Hygienist
􀁺 The profession concerned with the recognition, evaluation, and control of occupational health hazards that arise in the workplace.

Front 34

IH Objectives

Back 34

IH Objectives
􀁺 Protect the health of the employees
􀁺 Prevent or reduce the risk of losses from
occupational disease and illness

Front 35

IH Responsibilities

Back 35

IH Responsibilities
􀁺 Direct Programs
􀁺 Examine the Work Environment
– Review manufacturing processes
– Conduct sampling
– Analyze test results
􀁺 Interpret results
􀁺 Decide on appropriate controls
􀁺 Develop policies and procedures
􀁺 Expert testimony
􀁺 Prepare labels and warnings
􀁺 Train and educate
􀁺 Conduct Research

Front 36

IH Multidisciplinary Team

Back 36

Multidisciplinary Team
􀁺 Occupational Medicine
– Physicians
– Nurses
􀁺 Engineers
– Safety
– Environmental
– Industrial

Front 37

Industrial Hygiene Organizations

Back 37

Industrial Hygiene Organizations
􀁺 American Industrial Hygiene Association
(AIHA)
􀁺 American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
􀁺 American Board of Industrial Hygiene
(ABIH)
􀁺 American Academy of Industrial Hygiene
(AAIH)

Front 38

Professional Certifications

Back 38

Professional Certifications
􀁺 ABIH
– CIH: Certified Industrial Hygienist - have to work a min of 4-5 yrs
– IHIT: Industrial Hygienist in Training - no longer offered
– CAIH: Certified Associate Industrial Hygienist - no longer available
􀁺 BCSP - board certified safety specialist
– CSP: Certified Safety Professional
– ASP: Associate Safety Professional
ABIH/BCSP joint committee
– CHST: Construction Health and Safety
Technologist
– COHST: Certified Occupational Health and
Safety Technologist

Front 39

Occupational Health History

Back 39

Occupational Health History

Front 40

Occupational Health History - the peeps

Back 40

Occupational Health History

Front 41

Occupational Health History - what did Hippocrates and Pline the Elder do?"

Back 41

Occupational Health History

Front 42

Occupational Health History -Georgius Agricola
1494 - 1555

Back 42

Georgius Agricola
1494 - 1555
• A physician who authored 12-volume treatise on mining
“De Re Metallica” which was translated into English by
President - and mining engineer - Herbert Hoover
• Volume 6 described diseases and injuries of miners and
methods for their prevention. Diseases included arsenic
poisoning

Front 43

Occupational Health History -Paracelsus

Back 43

Paracelsus
1493 - 1541
“The Father of Toxicology”
• A chemist, metallurgist, and physician
• Wrote a treatise on diseases of miners and smelter workers
“Tis the dose that makes the poison”

Front 44

Occupational Health History -Bernardino Ramazzini

Back 44

Bernardino Ramazzini
1633 - 1714
The Father of Occupational Medicine
• in 1770 published De Morbis Artificum Diatriba, or
The Diseases of Occupations
• extensively catalogued maladies common among 54 different
occupations and trades.
What is your occupation?”

Front 45

Occupational Health History -
Percival Pott

Back 45

Percival Pott
In 1775, Percival Pott described occupational cancer
among English chimney sweeps, identifying soot
and the lack of personal hygiene measures as a
cause of scrotal cancer. The result was the Chimney-
Sweeps Act of 1788.

Front 46

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Back 46

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
~1760 - 1830 in Great Britain
~1860 - 1900 in U.S.
• work became divided
• repetitive tasks and exposures
• work became mechanized
• production rates increased
• man/machine interactions
• work required mass labor
• need for women and children workers
• increased need for immigration
• shift from agriculture to industry

Front 47

ALICE HAMILTON, M.D

Back 47

ALICE HAMILTON, M.D
1869 - 1970
• first female faculty member of Harvard Medical School
• between 1911 and 1945 published 55 articles in occupational
medicine and hygiene, especially significant:
• 1910 described lead poisoning in the lead smelting industries
• 1918 reported on Hand Arm Vibrator Syndrome -HAVS in stone cutters
• 1925, published “Industrial Poisons in the United States”
• 1934, published “Industrial Toxicology”, later revised with Hardy
•1943, published her autobiography:
“Exploring the Dangerous Trades”

Front 48

U.S. Workplace Regulations

Back 48

U.S. Workplace Regulations

Front 49

December 29, 1970, Occupational Safety and Health Act signed
into law by President Nixon. Created OSHA and NIOSH.
- OSH Act:

Back 49

• December 29, 1970, Occupational Safety and Health Act signed
into law by President Nixon. Created OSHA and NIOSH.
- OSH Act:
•· assure safe and healthful workplace for every employee
•· require employers to maintain records of exposure and inform
workers of same
•· provide for employee participation in inspections
•· provide procedures for inspections, issuance of citations, and
monetary penalties for violations
•· empowered the Secretary of Labor to issue standards and
regulations having the force of law
•· provide for establishment of new rules and regulations
•· establish an OS & H Review Commission
•· establish NIOSH for R&D, development of OSH manpower, and
recommendations for standards
•· provide for 50/50 funding of state OSHAs
•· the general duty clause

Front 50

The General Duty Clause -OSHA

Back 50

The General Duty Clause -OSHA
Section Number 5a
Section Title Duties
(a) Each employer -
1. shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of
employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing
or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees;
2. shall comply with occupational safety and health standards
promulgated under this Act.
(b) Each employee shall comply with occupational safety and health
standards and all rules, regulations, and orders issued pursuant to this
Act which are applicable to his own actions and conduct.