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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what's a protozoa?
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unicellular eukaryote
reproduction may be asexual or sexual |
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does protozoa cause eosinophilia?
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no
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ring form RBC
anemia agent? |
p. falciparum malaria
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name 4 species of malaria
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p falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae
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definitive host of falciparum?
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anopheles mosquito
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life cycle of falciparum?
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production in mosquito
inject to human go into liver asexual reproduction infect red cells when RBC ruptures, fever chill occurs. (48 hr cycle) |
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characteristics of falciparum?
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most common species
deadly - merozoites bind to glycophorin, can infect all RBCs sickle cell, thalassemia, G6PD deficiency confer partial resistance |
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merozoites bind to duffy antigen on RBC
infects young RBC flu like illness which plasmodium? |
p. vivax
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similar to vivax. don't require duffy antigen
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p. ovale
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chronic infection. prefer senescent cells
nephrotic syndrome |
p. malariae
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pathogenesis of malaria
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anemia: clearance and lysis of RBC
falciparum - parasite antigen on RBC cause adherence to endothelium leading to obstruction and infaction cytokine - fever, hypotension increased risk in pregnancy |
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when is onset of fever/chill/sweat in malaria?
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7-14 days after infection
cycle: falciparum, q1, vivax q3, malariae q4 |
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manifestations of malaria
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anemia, normal WBC, decreased platelets
headache splenomegaly nausea, vomiting, diarrhea acue renal failure (falciparum) cough/respiratory distress (falciparum) coma, seizures (falciparum) |
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Dx malaria?
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blood smears
antigen detection kit PCR - not widely used |
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prevention of malaria?
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prevent mosquito!
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malaria prophylaxis Tx?
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chloroquine (falciparum now resistant)
alternatives: mefloquine, doxycycline, malarone |
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Tx of falciparum?
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quinine/quinidine + doxycycline or clindamycin
artemesinin may be superior to quinine supportive care |
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other plasmodium species Tx?
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chroloquine, malarone
primaquine used to clear hypnozoites to prevent late relapse |
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romana's sign - unilateral orbital edema
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chagas disease (trypanosoma cruzi, trypanosomiasis)
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characteristics of trypanosome
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flagellate
transmitted via insects kinetoplast (giant mitochondria for flagellum) |
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vector of t. cruzi?
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reduviid bug (kissing bug)
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t cruzi endemic in?
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latin america
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acute manifestation of chagas?
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only 30% of infected
inflammation at site of inoculation 2-3 weeks later fever malaise anorexia resolve w/o therapy |
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chronic manifestation of chagas?
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dilated cardiomyopathy
mega esophagus, mega colon after 10-20 yrs! |
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dx of chagas
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blood
chronic - serology, xenodiagnosis, PCR |
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tx of chagas
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acute - nifurtimox or benznidazole
chronic - no Tx |
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kinetoplastid parasites transmitted by dipteran sandflies
cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral forms |
leishmaniasis
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Dx of leishmaniasis
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microscopy
culture, PCR serology (for visceral) |
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what is kala azar?
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visceral form of leishmaniasis
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Tx of leishmaniasis
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pentavalent antimony compount (toxic)
amphotericin miltefosine (for visceral) itraconazole, paramomycin in cutaneous form |
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ring enhancing lesion w/ edema
can be congenital cause severe disease in immunocompromised |
toxoplasma gondii
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definitive host in toxoplasma?
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cat
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dysentery
colon ulcer liver abscess - right lobe, male predominance. often no dysentery |
amebiasis
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histologic characteristic of amebiasis?
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"erlenmyer flask "shape in gut
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Dx of amebiasis?
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dysentery - stool exam, microscopy/ELISA
liver abscess - serology/radiology |
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Tx of amebiasis?
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metronidazole, nitazoxanide
iodoquinol or tetracycline to prevent relapse |
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major cause of waterborne diarrhea in US
fecal-oral/ person to person transmission children can be aSx carriers |
giardiasis (giardia lamblia)
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characteristic of giardia lamblia
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aerotolerant anaerobe
no mitochondria trophozoites have 2 active nuclei 4 nuclei in cyst divide by binary fission |
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dx giardiasis
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stool microscopy and antigen detection
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tx of giardiasis
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metronidazole, nitazoxanide
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sporozoan/coccidian parasite
intracellular **secretory diarrhea, self limited in immunocompetent chronic diarrhea in children, AIDS |
cryptosporidium parvum
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yellow vaginal discharge, itching and dysuria
strawberry cervix, dysuria, dyspareunia release cytotoxic acid hydrolase no cyst stage |
trichomonas vaginalis
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dx of trichomoniasis
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wet mount
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tx of trichomoniasis
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metronidazole
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