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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Metabolism |
The chemical changes that take place in living cells |
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Metabolic pathway |
Chemical changes which happen in a sequence of small steps |
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Chain of reactions |
A chain reaction is a sequence of reactions where a reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take place
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Cycle of reactions
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the end product of one reaction is the reactant that starts the rest of the pathway |
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Substrates have to pass through a _____ _____ before they are converted into products |
transition state |
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Activation energy |
the energy necessary to destabilize the existing chemical bonds in the substrate of an enzyme-substrate catalysed reaction |
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Enzymes _____ the activation energy |
lower |
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Inhibitors |
chemical substances that bind to enzymes and reduce the activity of the enzyme |
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inhibition is divided into two subcategories |
competitive and non-competitive |
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Competitive inhibitor |
mimics the substrate and competes for the active site |
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Non-Competitive inhibitor |
A non-competitive inhibitor binds to a regulatory region of the enzyme and changes the active site's shape so that it can no longer bind. |
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Oxidation and reduction |
always occur together, involve transfer of electrons |
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Benedict's test |
A test fror certain types of sugar |
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Electron carriers |
substances that can accept and give up electrons ex: NAD(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) |
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Purpose of phosphorylation |
to make the phosphorylated molecule more unstable (more likely to react) |
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The hydrolysis of ATP |
release energy, exergonic reaction |
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Glycolysis |
production of ATP without the use of oxygen converts sugar into pyruvate |
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Phosphorylation reactions |
reduce the activation energy make the reaction much more likely to occur |
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In aerobic cell respiration pyruvate is |
decarboxylated and oxidized |
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Krebs cycle |
the oxidation of acetyl groups is coupled to the reduction of hydrogen carriers liberating carbon dioxide
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Link Reaction |
pyruvate is converted into acetyl coenzyme A |
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Light-dependent reactions |
take place in the thylakoid space and across the thylakoid membranes |
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Photosystems |
in the thylakoids photosystems 1 and 2 have reaction centers contain many chlorophyll molecules (absorb light energy) |
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Light-Dependent reactions take place in the... |
inter membrane space of the thylakoids. |
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Light-reactions take place in the.... |
stroma |
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Excited electrons from Photosystem 2 are used to... |
generate a proton gradient |
