Ib Biology Molecular Biology (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4)

Front 1

The 4 most frequently occurring chemical elements in living things

Back 1

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Front 2

Organic compounds

Back 2

Compounds which contain CARBON and are found in living organisms

(Except hydrogencarbonates, carbonates and oxides of carbon)

Front 3

Carbon Atom

Back 3

Forms 4 covalent bonds with other atoms

-carbon molecules are stable

Front 4

Covalent bond

Back 4

2 adjacent atoms share a pair of electrons, with one electron contributed by each atom

-The strongest type of bond

Front 5

Carbohydrates

Back 5

composed of C,H and O. Hydrogen and oxygen are in the ratio of 2:1

Front 6

Lipids

Back 6

Class of molecules including steroids, waxes, fatty acids and triglycerides

-insoluble in water

Front 7

Triglycerides at room temperature

Back 7

fats-if they are solid at room temperature

oils- if they liquid at room temperature

Front 8

Proteins

Back 8

composed of one or more chains of amino acids

-Composed of C, H, O, N (sometimes S)

Front 9

Nucleic Acids

Back 9

-DNA and RNA

-Contain C, H, O, N, P

-subunit nucleotide

Front 10

Metabolism

Back 10

is the web of all the enzyme catalysed reactions in a cell or organism

Front 11

What is the site of metabolic reactions?

Back 11

Cytoplasm and extracellular space

Front 12

Anabolism

Back 12

Reactions that build up larger molecules from smaller ones

-Requires energy (ATP)

ex: protein synthesis, DNA synthesis

Front 13

Catabolism

Back 13

A reaction in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones

-Releases energy

ex: Digestion, cell respiration

Front 14

Hydroxyl Simplified notion

Back 14

-OH

Front 15

Amine Simplified notion

Back 15

-NH2

Front 16

Carboxyl Simplified notation

Back 16

-COOH

Front 17

Methyl Simplified notation

Back 17

-CH3

Front 18

Ribose

Back 18

C5H10O5

Molecule is a 5 membered ring

Front 19

Glucose

Back 19

C6H12O6

Six membered ring

Front 20

Saturated Fatty Acids

Back 20

Carbon atoms form an unbranched chain

Carboxyl group

Front 21

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids...

Back 21

Saturated fats have no double bond and remain solid at room temperature

Front 22

Amino acid

Back 22

Central C atom is bonded to: Amine group(-NH2) , Carboxyl group(-COOH) ,hydrogen atom, R group

Front 23

IDENTIFYING MOLECULES

Back 23

-Proteins contain: C, H, O and N (Some Sulphur)

-Carbohydrates contain H and O atoms in a ration of 2:1

-Lipids contain relatively less O than carbohydrates

Front 24

Nucleic Acid

Back 24

Each nucleotide has three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base if the sugar is ribose it is RNA

Front 25

Difference between Nucleotide and Nucleic Acid

Back 25

Nucleotides are the subunit that is polymerized (connected into a long chain) to make nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

Front 26

Urea

Back 26

CH4N2O

Nitrogen-containing compound which is produced if there is an excess of amino acids in the body

Front 27

Synthesis of Urea

Back 27

-Synthesis occurs in the liver

-Then Urea is transported by the blood stream to the kidneys to be filtered

-Urea can be synthesized artificially

Front 28

Friedrich Wöhler 1828

Back 28

-Synthesized urea artificially

-the first organic compound to be synthesized artificially

Front 29

Bonds between H and O

Back 29

-involve unequal sharing of electrons

-Polar Covalent Bonds

Front 30

pH (high and low)

Back 30

pH(potential hydrogen) measures the activity of dissolved H+ ions

Low pH(1-6) indicates a high concentration of H+ and is acidic

High pH(8-14) indicates a low concentration

Front 31

Hydrogen ions

Back 31

Used for active transport, photosynthesis, cell respiration

Front 32

Oxygen

Back 32

is used during aerobic respiration and is necessary to form water

Front 33

Water (hydrogen and oxygen as components)

Back 33

Oxygen carries negative charge while both hydrogens carry positive charges

Front 34

Hydrogen Bods

Back 34

Allow for water molecules to stick together. A weak bond compared to covalent bond.

Front 35

Cohesion

Back 35

The binding together of two molecules of the same type. Useful for water transport in plants

Front 36

Adhesion

Back 36

Hydrogen bonds can form between water and other polar molecules causing water to stick to them. Useful in leaves for keeping the cell wall moist and absorption of CO2 for photosynthesis

Front 37

High specific heat capacity

Back 37

Water can absorb or give off a great deal of heat without changing temperature greatly (hydrogen bonds restrict the motion of water molecules)

Front 38

What does water need to do in order to cool down?

Back 38

Water must lose relatively large amounts of energy

Front 39

Latent Heat of Vaporization

Back 39

The heat needed to separate a molecule from other molecules in a liquid while evaporating

Front 40

A High Latent Heat of Vaporization

Back 40

Water absorbs a great deal of heat when it evaporates.

Front 41

Sweat

Back 41

-Secreted by glands in the skin

-reduces temperature and cools the body

Front 42

The order of which the body is cooled...

Back 42

-Receptors in the skin, overheating, hypothalamus detects disturbance, sweating

Front 43

How many liters of sweat do sweat glands secrete per hour?

Back 43

2 liters

Front 44

Adrenaline

Back 44

-Secreted when our brain anticipates a period of intense activity

Front 45

Cooling the body in dogs and plants..

Back 45

-Dogs and birds pant, heat loss occurs to to evaporation

-Transpiration in plant leaves, evaporative loss of water

Front 46

High boiling point

Back 46

The highest temperature that water can reach in a liquid state

Front 47

Solvent properties of water

Back 47

Water dissolves many substances because it is polar

Front 48

Aqueous Solutions

Back 48

Fluids which are primarily water. ex: cytoplasm, blood plasm

Front 49

Solvent properties of water in plants...

Back 49

phloem transports dissolved sugars, xylem carries water and dissolved minerals

Front 50

Solvent properties of water in animals...

Back 50

blood is the most common transport medium in animals. Blood plasma transports red and white blood cells and dissolved molecules

Front 51

Sodium Chloride (blood plasma)

Back 51

-ionic compound which is freely soluble in water

-dissolves to form sodium ions and chloride ions

Front 52

Amino Acids (blood plasma)

Back 52

-Have negative and positive charges

-soluble in water

-All amino acids can be carried in blood plasma

Front 53

Glucose (blood plasma)

Back 53

-Polar molecule and freely soluble in water

Front 54

Oxygen (blood plasma)

Back 54

-Nonpolar molecule, small size

-Dissolves in water sparingly

Front 55

Fats Molecules (blood plasma)

Back 55

-nonpolar

-insoluable in water

Front 56

Lipoprotein complex

Back 56

groups of molecules with a single layer of phospholipid on the outside of fats

-Hydrophilic phosphate heats contact with water

-Hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails face inwards and contact with fats

Front 57

Cholesterol (blood plasma)

Back 57

-Hydrophobic

-Is transported with fats in lipoprotein complexes

Front 58

Hydrophilic

Back 58

Water-loving substances which are chemically attracted to water

-Polar molecules (ex:glucose, sodium)

Front 59

Hydrophobic

Back 59

substances insoluble in water

-non polar (no positive or negative charges)

(ex: lipids)

Front 60

Hydrophobic interactions

Back 60

Forces that cause non polar molecules to join together into groups

Front 61

Methane

Back 61

-CH4

Waste product of anaerobic respiration in certain prokaryotes, is a greenhouse gas

-non polar

Front 62

Monosaccharides

Back 62

-Single Sugars

(glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose)

Front 63

Disaccharides

Back 63

-2 sugars

-Maltose= glucose+glucose

-Sucrose= glucose+fructose

-Lactose= glucose+galactose

Front 64

Polysaccharides

Back 64

-Consist of many sugars

-starch, glycogen, cellulose

-polymers of glucose

Front 65

alpha vs beta glucose...

Back 65

alpha C 1 points downwards, beta points upwards

Front 66

Cellulose

Back 66

A chain of beta-glucose molecules. Very high tensile strength. Form bundles with hydrogen bonds linking the cellulose molecules - microfibrils

Front 67

Starch

Back 67

Made of alpha-glucose molecules

Front 68

the 2 components of starch are called...

Back 68

Amylose and Amylopectin

Front 69

Amylose

Back 69

Chain is unbranched and forms a helix

Front 70

Amylopectin

Back 70

Chain is branched globular in shape and made by plant cells

-Hydrophillic but too large to be soluble in water

-Stores glucose

Front 71

Glycogen

Back 71

-More branched than starch

-Molecule more compact

-Made by animals, stored in the liver (muscles in humans)

Front 72

Condensation

Back 72

Chemical reaction in which 2 molecules combine to form one single molecule

-water formation, anabolic process, ATP is required

-Water is A PRODUCT

Front 73

Hydrolysis

Back 73

Chemical process in which a certain molecule is split into 2 parts

-Water is A SUBSTRATE

Front 74

Monounsaturated vs Polyunsaturated

Back 74

Monounsaturated has one double bond while Polyunsaturated has two.

Front 75

Cis-fatty acids vs Trans-fatty acids

Back 75

Cis have hydrogen atoms on the same side while trans have them on opposite sides.

Front 76

Energy Storage (Lipids)

Back 76

-Lipids are used for long-term energy storage

-Lipids are six times more efficient in the amount of energy that can be stored per gram of body mass (than other fats)

Front 77

Energy Storage (Glycogen)

Back 77

glycogen is found in the liver and some muscles.

Used for short-term energy storage. Easily transported by blood.

Front 78

BMI

Back 78

Body mass index is used to assess whether a person's body mass is at a healthy level. Can be found using a nomogram

Front 79

Causes of being underweight

Back 79

anorexia nervosa- psychological condition that involves voluntary starvation

Front 80

Causes of obesity

Back 80

excessive food intake/insufficient exercise

Front 81

People with obesity have a higher risk of...

Back 81

-Coronary heart disease

-Type 2 diabetes

-Significantly reduced life expectancy

Front 82

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

Back 82

-Coronary arteries become partially blocked by fatty deposits

-Blood clots form causing heart attacks

Front 83

Polypeptides

Back 83

-chains of amino acids

-main component of proteins (sometimes the only component)

Front 84

Condensation reaction between amino acids to form a peptide...

Back 84

Involves -NH2 of one amino acid and -COOH of another

Front 85

Dipeptide

Back 85

Consists of 2 amino acids

Front 86

Oligopeptides

Back 86

chains of fewer than 20 amino acids

Front 87

Polypeptide

Back 87

consist of many amino acids(chains of amino acids)

Front 88

Insulin

Back 88

Small protein, contains 2 polypeptides (one with 21 amino acids other with 30)

Front 89

Titin

Back 89

The largest polypeptide, part of the structure of muscle, contains 34,350 amino acids