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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the range of a Servomotor placement? |
- 0 to180 degrees |
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What do the wires means in a Servomotor? |
Black = Ground Red = Power (+5V) Yellow = Control (PWM) |
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What are the two ways to code for the servo control? |
- By pulse: writing a pulse to the motor that is the desired length, in microseconds - By angle: a value between 0 and 180 degrees (followed by a non-digit character) |
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What is the correlation between the angle and the microseconds in a Servomotor? |
- 0 degrees = 1000 microseconds - 45 degrees = 1250 microseconds - 2000 degrees = 2000 microseconds |
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What are the 3 methods that the Arduino Servo Library has? |
1. attach() 2. write() 3. read() |
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How many Servomotors can an Arduino control with the Servo Library? |
- up to 12 |
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What are the advantages of using a Servomotor? |
- easy to control - precise - powerful tool for anything needing controllable, repeatable movement - signals used to control servos are almost always the same |
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What does Physical Identity mean? |
- Presence: Is it near me? - Address: Where is it? |
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How do Computers Identify Objects? |
- Use information from sensors - Techniques: Optical Recognition & Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) |
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What is Optical Recognition? |
- Can take many forms: Video Color Tracking, Shape recognition, Barcode - Identifiers: Colors, Shapes, Barcodes (can be fluid/ mean different things depending on context) |
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What is Shape and Pattern Recognition? |
- Recognizing a color: simple computationally - Recognizing a physical object: more challenging 2D geometry has to be known: from every angle, able to compare any view we get form the object, computer compares patterns, it doesn't understand the object as a discrete entity Solution: simplify to barcode |
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What is Barcode Recognition? |
- Pattern of dark and light lines or cells used to encode an alphanumeric string - Computer reads the barcode by scanning the image and interpreting the light and dark bands as 0 or 1 - Scanning: done by camera or photodiode |
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What are the different kinds of barcodes? |
- 1D bardcode: ISBN of a book, Scanner or camera needs to read the image only along one axis -2D barcode: QR (Quick Response Code) has a 2D matrix and therefore more info density |
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What are the drawbacks of barcodes? |
- distortion form analog to digital conversion through the camera causes many errors - line of sight - barcode image has to be centered- otherwise the pattern recognition routine will not work properly due to distortion at edges |
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What is Radio Frequency Identification? |
- Relies on tagging object in order to identiy them - RFID tags do not need to be visible to be read - RFID reader sends out a short-range radio signal, which is picked up by an RFID tag - the tag then transmits back a short string of data |
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What are the types of a RFID System? |
1. Passive 2. Active |
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Explain a Passive RFID System? |
- the tags contain an integrated circuit that has a basic radio transceiver and a small amount of nonvolatile memory - powered by the current that the reader's signal induces in their antennas - received energy is just enough to power the tag to transmit its data once |
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Explain an Active RFID System? |
- the tag has its own power supply and radio transceiver - transmits a signal in response to a received message from a reader - longer range - more expensive |
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When is an RFID reader activated? Deactivated? |
- LOW - HIGH |
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What are Haptics? |
- Study and implementation of interaction techniques involving touch |
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What are the Input devices commonly used in Haptics? |
- force-sensitive resistors - thermistors - capacitance sensors |
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What are Force-Sensitive Resistors (FSR) |
- covert mechanical force into electrical resistance - generally small, flat |
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What are flex sensors? |
- look and work like FSR - vary resistance based on how much they are bended - flat plastic strip that van bend up to 180 degrees - resistance: 10 KOhms to 40 KOhmns - used in virtual reality gloves |
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What are pressure sensors? |
- measure pressure exerted by a gas or fluid - most commonly used in pneumatic or hydraulic applications |
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How/Why can Capacitience Sensors be used to sense touch |
- human body always stores a small electic charge |
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What is the Matrix Library? |
- A library that enabled you to work with a single LED Driver |
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What is the LedControl Library? |
- Enables you to work with multiple LED drivers and newer drivers as well |
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What is the Sprite Library? |
- A library allows you to create image sprites to use with the Matrix library |
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What does LCD stand for? |
- Liquid Crystal Display |
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How many data lines does and LCD library use? |
- LCD = 8 data lines - LCD 4 Bit = 4 data lines |
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Name 4 parts to consider in communication between different machines and applications. |
1. Context: continuous, non-continuous, a/synchronous, peer-to-peer, client-sever, ect. 2. Means of Communication 3. Machines used 4. Amount of data being exchanged |
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What are the benefits of communicating over Networks? |
- enable your application to work remotely: get info from remote locations; send info to other devices, applications, and locations; send commands to a remote server - gather data from the internet - network multiple devices and machines |
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What are the layers of agreement? |
1. Physical 2. Electrical 3. Logical 4. Data 5. Application |
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Explain the Physical Layer of Agreement |
- how are the physical inputs and outputs of each device connected to the other - how many connections between the two devices do you need to get messages across |
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Explain the Electrical Layer of Agreement |
- what volatage levels will you send to represent the bits of your data |
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Explain the Logical Layer of Agreement |
- does an increase in voltage level represent a zero or a one (5V = 1 and 0V = 0) |
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Explain the Data Layer of Agreement |
- what is the timing of the bits - are the bits read in groups of 8, 9 or 10 bits - are there bits at the beginning of end of each group to punctuate the groups |
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Explain the Application Layer of Agreement |
- how are the groups of bits arranged into messages - what is the order in which messages have to be exchanged in order to get something done |
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What do Network Maps do? |
- show how things are connected - show arrangements of physical connections: how we want to route the messages on that network - types of network connections |
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Draw a Star Network. |
Do it. |
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Draw a Ring Network. |
Do itt. |
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What is an IP Address? |
- it can change when a device is moved form one network to another |
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What is a Hardware Address? |
- does not changed when device is moved from one network to another |
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What are the pieces of information required to identify the receiving application? |
1. the name or address of the host machine 2. the identity of the receiving process(application) on the destination host **in internet application the destination host's address is specified by its IP address** |
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What are Ports? |
- help computer sort data from network to different applications - identified by a 16-bit number |
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Explain a User interface. |
- allows the user to invoke and control application functionality |
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Explain Application logic |
- the software code, processing instruction that provide functionality |
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Explain the Application-level protocol |
- define the format and order of the messages exchanged between processes, as well as the action taken on the transmission or receipt of a message |
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What is the Transport Layer? |
- the layer of the network responsible for making sure packets get to their destination |
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What are the two protocols used to handle transport of packets on the internet? |
1. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 2. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) |
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What is a packet? |
- the data, broken into smaller pieces, for easier sending |
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What is the ping Command? |
- tests whether an internet host is reachable - also measures the round-trip time to the host, thus providing some indication of how 'far away' the remote host it |
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What is a Client Class? |
- is used to create a client object that connects to a server to exchange data |
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What are the Characteristics of a Client Class? |
- sends the request - initiates requests - waits for and receives replies - usually connects to small number of servers at one time - typically interacts directly with end -users using a graphical interface |
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What is a Server Class? |
- is used to create server objects that can send and receive data to and from any client connected to it |
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What are the characteristics of a Server Class? |
- receiver of request which is send by client is known as server - passive - waits for requests from clients - upon receipt of requests, processes them and then serves replies - usually accepts connections from a large number of clients - typically does not interact directly with end-users |
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What does a UDP service entail? |
- lightweight transport protocol with a minimalist service model - connection-less, no handshaking before the two processes start to communicate - provides an unreliable data transfer service. When a process sends a message into a UDP socket, UDP provides no guarantee that the message will ever reach the receiving socket - messages that do arrive to the socket may arrive out of order - does not include a flow control or congestion control mechanism, so a sending process can pump data into a UDP socket at any rate it please. But data may not make it |
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What does a TCP service entail? |
- includes a connection-oriented service and a reliable data transfer service - client and server exchange control info with each other before the application-level messages begin to flow, allows them to prepare for transfer - full-duplex connection, two processes can send messages to each other over the connection at the same time - tears down connection when done. referred to as "connection-oriented" - reliable transport service - congestion control mechanism |