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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Globalization (4 Part Def.)
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Held
1) Stretching of Social relations across space (social, econ, political) 2) The intensification of flows and networks of interaction (increased internet usage, global money flows, where, how far, and how much you can travel) 3) Increasing interpenetration of economic and social practices (nestle has operations all over the world, computer parts from all over, protestors spreading strategies) 4) The emergence of a global institutional infrastructure (Communication and transport tech and formal and informal institutions and political arrangements. Ex. Containerism, WTO, WB, UN, NATO, IMF |
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Time Space Compression
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Processes and technologies (internet, airplanes, etc.) that reduce the significance of distance and accelerate the experience of time. Ex. How quick we are able to make treaties in comparison to past
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Globalism (Contrast to Globalization and different Forms)
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Keohane and Nye
- State of the world involving networks of interdependence (econ, social, and political) at multicontinental distances - Ex. Military Pact between Japan and US: this is bilateral therefore not globalism. NATO is multilateral. -Economic (WTO), Military (NATO), Environmental, Social and Cultural (facebook, gangham style) |
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita
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The value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year (total economic output) divided by the population. Most frequently used proxy for standard of living in a country
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Explanations for patterns of wealth and poverty
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Cultural: ex. Protestantism- value worldy callings, success in work and business, capitalist spirit.
Criticism- Racist, gets causal relationships wrong (some factors thought to be caused by cultural practices), treated as fixed how does this explain difference between North and South Korea. Geography: Temperate, non landlocked, easier to transport from East to West. Criticism- fails to explain shifting fortunes overtime. Institutional: create very different incentives for the inhabitants of Nogales, Arizona, versus Nogales, Sonora” |
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Relationship between economic development and extractive and inclusive institutions
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Acemoglu and Robinson
Political institutions determine what econ institutions a country has. Inclusive institutions allow and encourage participation that makes best use of talents and provides incentives. Extractive: extract wealth from one group and give it to another. |
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Planners vs. Seekers
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Easterly
Best plan to have no plan Need to be a seeker not a planner Planners: apply global blueprints, thinks he already knows answers, believes outsiders need to impose solutions. Searchers: Adapt to local conditions, admits he doesnt know the answers in advance and that poverty is complicated, believes only insiders have enough knowledge to find solutions. |
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Modernization Theory
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Process through which traditional states become modernized.
Traditional State (static society, substinence ag), Pre-take off stage (exports, investments in infrastructure, advance in tech, changing social structure), Take off stage (manufacturing, export and domestic consumation), Drive to Maturity (diversification of industrial base), Age of Mass Consumption (disposable income) |
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Helping Strategies
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Microcredit, Conditional Cash Transfers
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Microcredit
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Small loans to poor individuals (typically women) who lack access to traditional credit due to lack of collateral or credit history, Meant to facilitate micro-enterprises and investments in education and Criticism: Privatization of welfare, Lack of evidence that leads to poverty reduction, Commercialization in recent years leading to unsustainable expansion of programs and debt traps
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Conditional cash transfers (e.g., Bolsa Familia):
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Conditional cash transfer: Families receive money help if children attend
school and receive vaccinations. |
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Four Developmental Traps and Helpful Instruments
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Collier
1) Conflict Trap (predominantly intrastate due to low growth, low income, political instability, history of conflict, natural resources. Grievance vs. Greed. Ex. Fiji, Sierra Leone) 2) Natural Resource Trap (Lack of accountability, corruption, patronage politics. Solution: more efficient use of funds) 3) Landlocked with Bad Neighbors (switzerland landlocked but it has good neighbors. Solution: Increase good neighbors through transport infrastructure, reducing trade barriers, improve coastal access, improve communications and air transport, friendly environment, try to attractaid. 4) Bad Governance in small Country (turn around bad governace following violent conflict, educated population, large population. 5) Instruments: Aid, Military Intervention, Laws and charters, and Trade Policies 4) Bad Governance in Small Country |
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Inequality (including the various forms it may be manifest as)
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Relative concept, can be: social (health, educational, access to healthcare), categorical (racial, ethnic, gender. ex. Saudi women not being able to drive), or economic (income or wealth) inequality.
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Poverty (including different definitions and measurements of):
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absolute concept. Different standards or measurements: Income, Human Development Index (HDI) or Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) (takes into account education, health, and standard of living).
“The most commonly used way to measure poverty is based on incomes. A person is considered poor if his or her income level falls below some minimum level necessary to meet basic needs. This minimum level is usually called the ‘poverty line’” (according to WB less than $1.25 a day—World Bank if you don’t have Basic Needs considered poverty: Food, Shelter, Clothing Critique of Global income-based standards for poverty: Different poverty lines in different countries, doesn’t capture other aspects of poverty |
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Social Equity:
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A normative concept referring to the idea of fairness or justice in the processes that lead to social outcomes
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Gini coefficient:
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Measure of wealth or income (typically) inequality. In a given population (typically a country) with a completely equality distribution of wealth or income the Gini coefficient would be 0; conversely in a given population where one person possessed all the wealth or income the Gini coefficient would be 1.
- Ex. Russia, comepletly inequal society= GINI coefficient of 1. In society where everyone is equal, GINI=0 |
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Birdsall’s instrumental argument for reducing inequality (and how this differs from
normative critiques of inequality): |
Inequality can inhibit growth and slow poverty reduction
Inequality often undermines the political process, and can trigger bad economic policies Inequality may undermine civic and social as well as political life; it may also generate its own self-justifying tolerance, perpetuating a high inequality equilibrium despite the economic costs |
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list of dimensions of democratic quality:
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Diamond and Morlino’s
Rule of law (equality of citizens before the law, independence of judiciary, clear rules), Participation (right to vote, right to organize, assemble, and protest) , Competition, Vertical accountability, Horizontal accountability, Freedom (political rights: vote, civil rights: religion, socio-economic rights: private property), Equality, Responsiveness (connection of vertical accountability, participation, and competition) |
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Autocracy
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Concentration of power in the hands of one person or a narrow circle of political elite, Rule not dependent upon direct accountability to citizens (fair, regular elections), Scope for political participation among non-ruling elite limited, Restrictions on access and dissemination of information, media, Legal process opaque, with judiciary lacking independence from ruling elite
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The democratic transition paradigm and Carothers’ critique of
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1) Any country moving away from dictatorial rule should be considered a country moving toward democracy, 2) Democratization unfolds in a set sequence of stages (opening, breakthrough, consolidation), 3) The determinative importance of elections, 4) ‘Structural’ features not major factors in either outset or outcome of democratic transitions—i.e., “no preconditions”, 5) Recent democratic transitions are built upon functioning, coherent states
Critique: innacuracy of transitions, feckless pluralism and dominant power politics are not transitions but alternative directions. They are stable. Opening, breakthrough, consolidation stage do not aplly to many cases of democritization. Ex. Elected president of Mexico after 71 years. Regular elections do not deepen political participation and accountability. Structural conditions do matter. Many states lack functional, coherent governing upon which to build democracy |
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Feckless pluralism:
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“Countries whose political life is marked by feckless pluralism tend to have significant amounts of political freedom, regular elections, and alternation of power between genuinely different political groupings. Despite these positive features, however, democracy remains shallow and troubled. Political participation, though broad at election time, extends little beyond voting. Political elites from all the major parties or groupings are widely perceived as corrupt, self-interested, and ineffective”
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Dominant power politics:
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“Countries with this syndrome have limited but still real political space, some political contestation by opposition groups, and at least most of the basic institutional forms of democracy. Yet one political grouping—whether it is a movement, a party, an extended family, or a single leader—dominates the system in such a way that there appears to be little prospect of alternation of power in the foreseeable future”
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Sovereignty (Murphy’s description):
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“The spatial organization of society in west-central Europe after the Peace of Westphalia fostered a world view in which discrete, quasi-independent territorial units were seen as the principle building blocks for social and spatial life. This political-geographical understanding is referred to as the sovereign territorial ideal”—Alec Murphy
“Sovereignty implies a dual responsibility: externally, to respect the sovereignty of other states, and internally, to respect the dignity and basic rights of all the people within the state” |
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Governance
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the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources.
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The responsibility to protect argument as outlined by Evans and Sahnoun:
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“At the heart of this conceptual approach is a shift in thinking about the essence of sovereignty, from control to responsibility”—Gareth Evans and Mohamed Sahnoun.
It “implies evaluating the issues from the point of view of those needing support, rather than those who may be considering intervention” It “implies that the primary responsibility rests with the state concerned” It is “an umbrella concept, embracing not just the ‘responsibility to react’ but the ‘responsibility to prevent’ and the ‘responsibility to rebuild’ as well” For Military intervention you need just cause (large scale loss of life, ethnic cleansing), 4 precautionary priniciples (right intention, last resort, proportional means, reasonable prospects), right authority. |
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Verticality
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“Verticality refers to the central and pervasive idea of the state as an institution somehow ‘above’ civil society, community, and family”
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Encompassment
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“The second image is that of encompassment: Here the state (conceptually fused with the nation) is located within an ever widening series of circles that begins with family and local community and ends with the system of nation-states”
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Governmentality
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Translation:
The technologies and tactics of government through which state power is exercised and legitimated, or the “art of government” Ex. Ex. Legibilty: Census, stadardization, measurements, mapping language and Discipline |
