Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
William the Conqueror
|
conquered and brought feudalism to England
|
|
|
Magna Carta
|
a charter agreed to by King John of England that granted nobles certain rights ans restricted the King's Powers
|
|
|
Renaissance
|
sustained period of renewed interests and art, literature, science
|
|
|
Humanism
|
movement that focused on the study of worldly subjects, such as poetry and philosophy and on human potential and acievements
|
|
|
Secular
|
a worldly rather than a spiritual focus
|
|
|
Baldassare Castaglione
|
humanist, Italian diplomat, wrote The Courtier
|
|
|
Niccolo Machiavelli
|
insisted that a ruler do whatever is necessary to succeed and that the ends would justify the means
|
|
|
Lorenzo de Medici
|
supported talented artists
|
|
|
Styles and Techniques of Renaissance Art
|
reflected a more realistic view of humanity
|
|
|
Leonardo da Vinci
|
painter, writer, architect, engineer, musician
|
|
|
Michelangelo
|
accomplished sculptor, Sistine chapel
|
|
|
Raphael
|
renowned painter and accomplished architect
|
|
|
Johannes Getenberg
|
creator of the first wooden printing press
|
|
|
Desiderius Erasmus
|
leading christian humanist
|
|
|
Sir Thomas More
|
humanist, wrote Utopia
|
|
|
William Shakespeare
|
English playwrite
|
|
|
Protestant Reformation
|
a movement occurred when people strayed from roots
|
|
|
Indulgences
|
pardons issued by the pope to reduce a soul's purgatory
|
|
|
Martin Luther
|
complained that selling indulgences was sinful
|
|
|
Edict of Worms
|
decree declaring Luther to be an outlaw and condemned his writings
|
|
|
Theocracy
|
a government which church and state are joined
|
|
|
John Calvin
|
one of the most important protestant reformers
|
|
|
Predstination
|
god knows who will be saved before birth
|
|
|
Henry VIII
|
king of England by age of 17. He had six wives
|
|
|
Annulled
|
marriage invalid based on church laws (divorced)
|
|
|
Elizabeth I
|
protestant, supremacy acts spliting England from Rome
|
|
|
Counter-Reformation
|
after Protestantism, church began series of reforms
|
|
|
Ignatius of Loyola
|
Jesuits founder
|
|
|
Jesuits
|
society of Jesus
|
|
|
Council of Trent
|
convened after recognizing need to redefine doctrines
|
|
|
Absolute Monarch
|
a ruler that has unlimited power and authority over his or her people
|
|
|
Divine Right
|
monarchs received their power from god
|
|
|
Peace of Augsburg
|
agreement giving German princes to decide whether his state would be Catholic or Protestant
|
|
|
Phillip II
|
ruled the Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, and Spain's colonies
|
|
|
Spanish Armada
|
a fleet of unbeatable ships
|
|
|
Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
|
assassination of all the huguenots
|
|
|
Huguenot
|
French Calvinist Protestants
|
|
|
Henry IV
|
crowned after converting to Catholicism
|
|
|
Edit of Nantes
|
granted rights to Huguenots
|
|
|
Louis XIII
|
weak ruler who needed help to rule
|
|
|
Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin
|
chief minister of Louis XIII
|
|
|
Louis XIV
|
son of Louis XIII, led French during great power
|
|
|
Puritans
|
English protestants of the late 1500s and most of the 1600s who wanted to 'purify' the church of England
|
|
|
Charles I
|
King of England, Ireland, and Scottland
|
|
|
Oliver Cromwell
|
Lord Protector of England
|
|
|
Commonwealth
|
a republican government based on the common good of all the people
|
|
|
Restoration
|
when monarchy was restored
|
|
|
Charles II
|
Eldest son of Charles I
|
|
|
William and Mary
|
replaced King James II as a result of the Glorious Revolution
|
|
|
Geocentric Theory
|
Scientific Theory that has the earth the center of the universe
|
|
|
Scientific Revolution
|
a transformation that called for observation, experimentation
|
|
|
Scientific Method
|
inquiry that promotes observing, measure, explaining
|
|
|
Nicolaus Copernicus
|
Polish astronomer, proposed heliocentric theory
|
|
|
Heliocentric Theory
|
theory that has the sun in the center of the universe
|
|
|
Galileo Galilei
|
astronomer, gravity put him in conflict with Roman Catholic church
|
|
|
Isaac Newton
|
discovered law of gravity
|
|
|
Enlightenment
|
a time of optimism and possibility from the late 1900s to the late 1700s
|
|
|
Thomas Hobbes
|
wrote "Leviation", exchange between society and government (social contract)
|
|
|
John Locke
|
believed that citizens have right to overthrow government
|
|
|
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
|
valued the social contract and addressed the nature of man in his work on the Origin of Inequality
|
|
|
Baron de Motesquieu
|
explored democratic theories of government
3 branch government |
|
|
Voltaire
|
supporter of Deism, the idea that god was no longer involved with the universe after creating it
|
|
|
Old Order
|
The political and social system in place in France before the Revolution
|
|
|
Three Estates
|
clergy, nobles, bourgeoisie
|
|
|
Bourgeoisie
|
urban middle class, merchants and professionals
|
|
|
Storming of the Bastille
|
(7/14/1789) Prisoner vs. weapons (gunpowder)
|
|
|
Nationalism
|
sense of pride and devotion to one's nation
|
|
|
Radicals vs Royalists
|
a person with extreme views vs.
|
|
|
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
|
document that laid out basic principles of the French Revolution-liberty, equality, and fraternity
|
|
|
Maximilian Robespierre
|
led national convention during bloodthirsty times
|
|
|
Guillotine
|
device used for beheading people
|
|
|
Reign of Terror
|
Robespierre executed thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens
|
|
|
Napoleon Bonaparte
|
led French armies in conquering much of Europe
Defeated in Waterloo |
|
|
Coup d'etat
|
sudden overthrow of a government by force
|
|
|
Continental System
|
the system of commercial blockade of Britain and continental Europe, set in place by Napoleon with the intent of destroying Britain's economy
|
|
|
Industrial Revolution
|
a period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s
|
|
|
Enclosure Movement
|
landowners fenced small fields to create large farms, allowing for more efficient farming methods and increased food supply
|
|
|
James Watt
|
developed crucial innovations to make the steam engine efficient, fast, and better able to power machinery
|
|
|
Entrepreneur
|
a risk taker who starts a new business within the economic system of capitalism
|
|
|
Socialism
|
a political and economic system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns the means of production
|
|
|
Karl Marx
|
father of communism
|
|
|
Communismm
|
economic and political system in which government owns the means of production and controls economic planning
|
|
|
Giuseppe Mazzini
|
forwarded ideas of Nationalism
|
|
|
Camillo di Cavour
|
Architect of Italian Unification
|
|
|
Giuseppe Garbaldi
|
Used terrorist tactics and the 'Red Shirts' to gain control of South Italy
|
|
|
Red Shirts
|
army of volunteer troops led by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Attacked Sicily and won for Italians (1860s) |
|
|
Zollverein
|
economic alliance of most German states (1834)
Allowed for free trade among themselves and common tariffs on imports, exports, and transit |
|
|
Otto von Bismark
|
fashions a style of fighting wars with "Blood and Iron" (Army and Industry)
|
|
|
Austro-Prussian War
|
war fought between Prussia and Austria lasting seven weeks led to the exclusion of Austria from German affairs
|
|
|
Franco-Prussian War
|
(1870-1871) a war fought between France and Prussia that ended in the defeat of France and the unification of Germany
|
|
|
Franz Ferdinand
|
heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary whose assassination started World War I
|
|
|
Gavrilo Princip
|
Assassinated Ferdinand, led to start of World War I
|
|
|
M.A.I.N. Causes of World War I
|
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
|
|
|
Triple Alliance
|
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
|
|
|
Triple Entente
|
France, Great Britain, Russia
|
|
|
Central Powers
|
alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire during World War I
|
|
|
Allied Powers
|
Alliance formed between Britain, France, and Russia
|
|
|
Trench Warfare (Western Front)
|
Trenches along the French/Swiss border, horrible conditions
|
|
|
Propaganda
|
Information such as posters and pamphlets created by governments in order to influence public opinion
|
|
|
U-Boats
|
German submarines used in both World Wars
|
|
|
Zimmerman Note
|
telegram from Germany to convince Mexico to attack USA
|
|
|
Treaty of Versailles
|
treaty ending World War I (1919) required Germany to pay huge war reparations and establish es the League of Nations
|
|
|
Woodrow Wilson
|
declared neutrality until the sinking of the Lusitania
|
|
|
League of Nations
|
Wilson's idea to have countries talk out issues to stop war
|
|
|
Benito Mussolini
|
Fascist leader, Italy's dictator
Alliance with Hitler brought Italy into World War II |
|
|
Fascism
|
a totalitarian system of government that focused on the good of the state rather then on the good of the individual citizens
|
|
|
Joseph Stalin
|
Totalitarian dictator of the Soviet Union
Led Soviet Union through World War II and created a powerful soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe after the war |
|
|
Adolf Hitler
|
Invasion of European countries lead to World War II
Responsible for the mass murder of millions of Jews |
|
|
Nazi Party
|
National Socialist Party
Fascist political party of Hitler governed on totalitarian lines and advocating German radical superiority |
|
|
Anti-Semitism
|
Hostility or prejudice towards Jews
|
|
|
Nuremberg Laws
|
Nazi laws that eliminated citizenship and many civil and property rights for Jews
|
|
|
Kristallnacht
|
'Night of Broken Glass'
Nazis encouraged Germans to riot against Jews |
|
|
Appeasment
|
giving into aggressive demands in order to avoid war
|
|
|
Axis Powers
|
the alliance f Germany, Italy and Japan in World War II
|
|
|
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
|
an agreement between nations to not attack one another
|
|
|
Blitzkrieg
|
'lighting war' a fast, forceful style of fighting used by Germans in World War II
|
|
|
Allies
|
the World War II alliance of Britain, France and Russia joined by USA after Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor (1941)
|
|
|
Battle of Britain
|
3 month air battle between Germany and Great Britain fought over Great Britain during World War II
Britain's victory forestalled a German Invasion |
|
|
Hideki Tojo
|
Japanese nationalist and General
Took control of Japan during World War II |
|
|
Erwin Rommel
|
German General
Commanded the Afrika Corps and was nicknamed 'Desert Fox' |
|
|
Siege of Leningrad
|
Nazi's unsuccessful attempt to capture the city of Leningrad in the Soviet Union during World War II (1 million deaths)
|
|
|
Battle of Stalingrad
|
Battle between Germany and Soviet Union
Thousands of casualties Germany's defeat marked turning point in war |
|
|
Final Solution
|
the Nazi Party's plan to murder the entire Jewish population of Europe and the Soviet Union
|
|
|
Concentration Camps
|
detention sites created for military/political purposes to confine, terrorize, and kill civilians
|
|
|
Holocaust
|
the killing of millions of Jews and others by the Nazis during World War II
|
|
|
D-Day
|
6/6/1944
First day of the allied invasion of Normandy |
|
|
V-E Day
|
5/8/1945
"Victory in Europe" day for Allies |
|
|
V-J Day
|
8/15/1945
"Victory over Japan" day for Allies |
