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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where did the first Hominids appear? |
Africa - Tanzania and Kenya |
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What characteristics distinguish Homo Sapiens? |
"Wise Human Beings" - 5 feet tall - SE Africa |
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What does DNA and linguistic evidence tell us about modern human migration across the Earth? |
We are all from Africa - Moved into Europe and Asia first |
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What were the characteristic patterns of the hunting and gathering way of life? |
Carefree like of an animal - moved wherever food was - groups of 20 to 30 people |
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How did the Neolithic Revolution affect our relationship with nature? |
We began to domesticate animals and plants |
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How did the Neolithic Revolution affect human settlements? |
Humans begin to permanently settle in places. |
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How did the Neolithic Revolution affect human ideas about property and dispute resolution? |
Wanted their own land - stopped sharing - Government and land laws - issues turned into war |
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How did the Neolithic Revolution affect relationships within human communities? |
Every man for themselves |
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What is the definition of culture? |
Universal and non material - Stays in our heads and then is expressed. |
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What are the basic characteristics of civilization according to the instructor? |
Agriculture - Metal Working - Urbanization - Literacy |
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What minerals are used to make bronze? |
Tin & Copper |
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Who is Sargon and why is he important? |
Was the first ever Emperor - founded that Akkadian Empire |
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What factors do philologists group languages into families? |
Shared root vocab - Shared grammatical patterns |
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How do new languages evolve? |
Graphically or socially isolate an "old" language - give it time - becomes a new language |
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Where did human language originate and how do we know this? |
Africa - How complex these languages are in Sub-Sahara Africa compared to the rest of the world |
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What languages are part of the Semitic Language family? |
Arabic - Hebrew - Akkadian - Aramaic - Assyrian - Babylonian - Canaanitic - Phoenician - Syriac |
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Which languages are part of the Indo-European language family? |
Sanskrit- Persian - Russian - Serbo-Croatian - Czech - Polish - Lithuanian - Greek - Latin - French - Italian - Spanish - Portuguese - Romanian - Irish - Gaelic - Swedish - Danish - Norwegian - German - Dutch - English |
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What is the difference between language and script? |
Language is a collection of sounds - Script is a collection of symbols |
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What are the characteristics of pictograph script? |
Separate symbols for each word - Hieroglyphics |
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What are the characteristics of syllabary scripts? |
An image for every group of sounds - Mesopotamian Cuneiform |
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What are the characteristics of alphabetic scripts? |
Symbol of each sound - Greek |
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What was Egypt called the "Gift of the Nile"? |
Without the Nile - Egypt would not exist - flooded to give the desert some place to grow crops |
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What is the significance of the Rosette Stone? |
3 different languages on stone - 2 languages and 3 scripts |
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Why is Akhenaten historically important? |
He's the pharaoh and that was this was also the capital |
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Where did the "Sea People" come from and why were they important? |
They came into Egypt from the North side - Egypt was no longer safe |
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What is the historical importance of the Hebrews/Israelites? |
Religious importance |
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What literary source do we have for the history of the Hebrews/Israelites? |
Tanakh - The Hebrew Bible |
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What are the different parts of the Tanakh? |
Pentateuch (Torah) Prophets (Nevi'im) Writings (Kethuvi'im) |
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Why is archaeological evidence so valuable? |
Material evidence that cannot be lied about |
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What does "hapiru" mean? |
Runaways - Hebrew comes from this |
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What does YAHWEH promise Abraham in their covenant? |
Land - children - in exchange for foreskin |
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Why is the Exodus important to the Jews? |
Liberation from bondage - Get the identity of Israel |
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What is Moses' role in Judaism? |
The Deliverer - The Lawgiver |
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What problems complicate the account of the Israelites' conquest of Canaan? |
Archaeological evidence doesn't match up with the biblical time frame |
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What sort of figures were the judges likely to actually be? |
Clan leaders |
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Why did Israelites become a monarchy? |
They needed a king so they could fight back nearby hostile forces |
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What roles do David and Solomon play in Israelite identity and Jewish memory? |
Both great rulers - Solomon was known for his temple he built |
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What does YHWH mean? |
"I am who I am" |
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What is the importance of the Law for the Jews and how do they see it differently than Christians do? |
Jews see the law as a gift Christians see is as a burden |
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What makes the New Kingdom different from other periods in Egypt's history? |
Empires |
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What are the meanings of BC, AD, BCE, CE? |
BC - Before Christ AD - Anno Domini BCE - Before Common Era CE - Common Era |
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Which years belong to which centuries? |
10 - Decade 100 - Century 1,000 - Millennium |
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What animals were domesticated in the Neolithic Revolution? |
Pigs - Cows - Sheep - Goats |
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What plants were domesticated in the Neolithic Revolution? |
Gluten - Lentils - Rice - Millet - Yams - Beans - Potatoes |
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What does the book say are the basic characteristics of civilization are? |
Urban Focus Religious Structure Political and Military Structure Social Structure based on Economic Power Development of Writing Intellectual Activities |
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According to the book, where were the cradles of civilization? |
Tigris & Euphrates Nile Indus Yellow River (SW Asia, India, Egypt, China) |
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Where was the "Fertile Crescent" and why is it called that? |
SW Asia - very fertile land in the shape of a crescent |
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What is the meaning of Mesopotamia? |
The Land Between Two Rivers |
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What form of government is theocracy? |
The gods rule the cities |
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What was the effect of the environment on the Mesopotamian view of the universe? |
Because of severe weather, they were convinced that the world was controlled by supernatural forces and our days were numbered |
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What sort of religious beliefs is polytheism? |
Believe in multiple gods |
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What was the purpose of divination and how was it performed? |
Figure out what gods wanted them to do in certain situations Kings and Priests would kill animals and interpret patterns on their organs - private individuals would look for shapes in smokes of a pattern that was formed when oil was put in water |
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For what purposes did Mesopotamian people use writings? |
Primarily for record keeping and then monumental texts and text intended for teaching purposes |
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On what was the Sumerian number system based? |
60 Using combos of 6 and 10 |
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What was the Black Land and the Red Land? |
Black Land was the fertile land next to the Nile Red Land was everything else in the desert |
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Where was Upper and Lower Egypt? |
Lower Egypt is the Delta (North) Upper Egypt is the Valley (Middle) |
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What roles did geography and topography play in early Egyptian history? |
It was a natural barrier |
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Into what periods was Egyptian history divided and who did the dividing? |
Old Kingdom - Middle Kingdom - New Kingdom Modern Historians did the dividing |
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What role did Memphis play in Egyptian history? |
The Old Kingdom capital was located there |
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What was the meaning of "pharaoh"? |
Great House of Palace |
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What was the structure of Egyptian society and how did it compare to that of Sumeria? |
Organized along hierarchical lines with god-kings at the top, upper nobles and priests, merchants and artisans, and serfs |
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What role did religion play in Egyptian life and how did it compare to that of Sumeria? |
They had no word for it because it was an inseparable element of the world to which Egyptian society belonged |
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What was the Ka and why was it important to the Egyptians? |
The Ka was believed to be a spiritual part of a person's body If the body was properly preserved, the tomb was properly prepared, the Ka could return and continue life |
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How did Egyptians mummify their dead? |
Draw out their brain through the nose with a metal hook Extract all their organs Priest would cover the corpse in salt Wrap the body in layers of linen soaked in resin After 70 days, put a life mask on the persons' head and shoulder to look like a mummy |
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How did the purpose of pyramids differ from the that of a Mesopotamian ziggurat? |
Pyramids were tombs to house the dead Ziggurats were temples to worship the gods |
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What was the character of Egyptian art? |
To aid the journey of the deceased |
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Who was Hatshepsut and why is she important? |
Took over the throne when her step-son died and took reign as a king |
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What was the purpose of Egyptian marriage? |
Tax purposes Continue to give birth to males |
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What are "megalithic" structures and which is the most famous example? |
"Large stone" structures for astrology Stonehenge
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What was the origin of the Hittites and where was their empire located? |
Indo-Europeans who moved into Asia Minor and Anatolia (Turkey) coalesced with the native people to form the first Hittite kingdom, known as the Old Kingdom |
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What was the Torah? |
Law of God given to Moses |
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What were the roles of the covenants, the law, and the prophets in Jewish religious tradition? |
YHWH had spoken to the Israelites thru Moses, and the promised to obey YHWH promised to take special care of his people - could only be filled by obedience to God Law set forth specific requirements, such as payment for offenses, ethical concerns/standars of moral behavior Sent by God to serve as His voice to His people |
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What new concepts did the prophets introduce into the Israelite religious tradition? |
Notion of universalism, yearning for social justice |
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What does "rabbi" mean? |
Jewish Teacher |
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For what are the Phoenicians best known, culturally speaking? |
Semitic-speaking people who resided along the Mediterranean coast Produced goods for foreign markets and had distribution centers Created the 22 character alphabet |
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What areas comprised the Assyrian empire at its peak around 700 BCE? |
Mesopotamia Sections of Asia Minor Syria Canaan Egypt to Thebes |
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What led to the collapse of the Assyrain empire? |
Internal strife & citizen rebellion |
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What tactic did the Assyrians use to encourage their enemies to surrender quickly? |
Terror as an instrument of warfare |
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What was the result of the Assyrian use of deportation? |
A population that was ethnically diverse - racially and linguistically mixed |
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Who rebuilt Babylon, turning it into one of the great cities of the ancient world? |
Nebuchadnezzar II |
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Which of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World was built in Babylon? |
The Hanging Gardens |
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Who founded the Persian Empire? |
Achaemenid |
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What role did satraps, satrapies, and the "king's eye" perform in the Persian Empire? |
Satrapy: Persian province Satrap: Governer |
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What ran from the Persian capital at Susa to Sardis in Western Asia Minor? |
The Royal Road |
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Who/what was Zoroaster/Zarathustra and why are they important? |
Semilengendary figure who was born in 660 BCE Prophet of the "true religion" |
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What are the Zend Avesta and the Yasna? |
Zend Avesta: sacred book of Zoroastrianism |
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Who/what were Ahuramazda and Ahriman? |
The only god (The "Wise Lord") The evil spirit who opposes Ahuramazda |
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What does Zoroastrianism teach about the struggles between good and evil? |
Humans have free will and the power to choose right and wrong; good will triumph in the end |
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What impact do scholars think that Zoroastrianism had on Christianity? |
Ethical dualism Struggle between good and evil free will monotheism |
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Who were the Magi? |
Teachers of the Zoroastrianism |
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What is meant by the "ethical dualism"? |
Struggle between good and evil |
