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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gross anatomy deals with tissues that are ______ in size.
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0.1mm; visible to the naked eye
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ventral?
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toward the abdomen
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rostral
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toward the mouth
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dorsal
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toward the back
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caudal
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toward the butt
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ventral
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toward the abd
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Plane?
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sagittal/median
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plane?
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coronal/frontal
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plane?
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transverse/horizontal
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Vertebral column consists of ____ vertebrae and intervertebral
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33-34
are 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 4-5 coccygeal vertebrae in human |
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disks make up _______ of length of vertebral column
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20-25%
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number of cervical nerves?
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8
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Location of Cervical nerve 1? C8?
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C1 n. = between base of skull and C1
C8 n. = between C7 and T1 |
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Location of Thoracic nerve 1?
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Below T1
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In CSF glucose is down, WBC count is increased, fluid is turbid/hazy/unclear, increased protein =?
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bacterial meningitis
bacteria uses glucose, creates waste (protein and color), and immune system responds (wbcs) |
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Osteophytes cause? symptom?
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bony processes from arthitis of uncovertebral joints (superior process on cervical body) that may compress the vertebral artery and spinal nerve = chronic neck pain
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"Spinal cord appears pink because it Is covered by the_____ and the actual color is_____"
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pia mater
creamy/white-yellow |
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Contents of the
vertebral canal? |
spinal cord and its blood
vessels plus the meninges and cerebro-spinal fluid. |
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myelography?
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injection of contrast medium followed by x-ray to detect pathology of spinal cord.
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contrast medium used to study
the internal covering layer (mucous membrane) of the digestive tract with radiography? |
Barium sulfate
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CT can be enhanced by?
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Iodine contrast
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______ is absolutely safe and better
differentiates between the white and gray matter than the CT gray matter contains more ______ |
MRI
gray matter contains more water |
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PET is used to assess
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functional blood flow to the brain
and heart. |
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shaft of long bone = ?
ends of long bone = ? |
shaft of long bone = diaphysis
ends of long bone = epiphysis |
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_____ bones are roughly cube-shaped
_____ bones are thin and flattened, usually curved |
Short bones: roughly cube-shaped
Flat bones: thin and flattened, usually curved |
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Compact bone?
Spongy (cancellous) bone? |
Compact bone: dense outer layer of bone
Spongy (cancellous) bone: internal network of bone |
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Membranes of the long bones?
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periosteum, Sharpey’s fibers, and endosteum
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Intramembranous ossification? Two notable bones that form this way?
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Bones are directly ossified without any pre-existing cartilage
Skull bones and the clavicle are formed directly from mesenchyme |
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Endochondral ossification?
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Bones develop from a pre-existing cartilage
Most bones develop initially from hyaline cartilage |
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_________ at the top of stacks
divide quickly and pushes the epiphysis away from the diaphysis; this lengthens the long bone |
Chondroblasts
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produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates epiphyseal plates
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Growth hormone
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ensures that the skeleton retains proper proportions
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Thyroid hormone
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Promote bone growth, later induce closure of epiphyseal plates
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Sex hormones
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bones are inadequately mineralized = ?
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osteomalacia
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rickets? cause?
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occurs in children, analogous to osteomalacia, weakened and bowed legs, malformation of the head and ribs
caused by dietary Vit D and calcium phosphate deficiency |
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Paget's disease?
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characterized by excessive rate of bone deposition but reduced mineralization leading to bone thickening.
bones are thicker but actually weaker |
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Achondroplasia?
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congenital (genetic disease), defective cartilage growth and defective enchondral ossification leading to Dwarfism.
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Muscles make up about ______% of the body's mass; skeletal muscle accounts for ____%
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Muscles make up about 50% of the body's mass; skeletal muscle accounts for 40%
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do bones function to store triglycerides?
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yes
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_______ build up bone by secreting minerals/matrix materials?
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osteoblasts
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______ break down bown and release calcium/minerals
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osteoclasts
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cleidocranial dysostosis/dysplasia (CCD)?
Gene involved? |
rare autosomal disorder with defective ossification, delayed bone/tooth growth, and craniofacial abnormalities
RUNX2 (aka CBFA1) |
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A bands contain
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both thick and thin filaments
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I bands contain
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contain only thin filaments
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H bands ?
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center of the A band with no thin filament overlap.
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M lines
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center of sarcomere
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During contraction what zones move?
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H zone and I band narrow
Z lines move closer together |
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thick filaments contain what protein?
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myosin
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thin filaments contain?
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actin, tropomyosin, and troponin
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__________ blocks the myosin binding site on actin
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Tropomyosin
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calcium binds to _____ and moves tropomyosin so myosin and actin can bind
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troponin C
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What are they "hybrid muscles?"
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Muscles innervated by more than one nerve:
Trapezius Biceps femoris (long and short head) Adductor magnus iliopsoas pectineus m. |
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Adductor magnus innervation?
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linea aspera = obturator n
adductor tubercle = tibial n |
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iliopsoas
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iliacus = femoral n
psoas = lumbar plexus |
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pectineus
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femoral n. and obturator n.
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MRI's show _________ as white and x-rays and CT scans show _________ as white.
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MRI's show soft tissue as white and x-rays and CT scans show bones as white.
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does the thumb rotate?
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no it does circumduction
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Why do bones appear white on negative film
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bones absorb the x-rays
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Epiphyseal plate osiffies and becomes ?
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epiphyseal line
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Intramembranous ossification
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No cartilage -> mesenchyme is invaded by osteoblasts -> become osteocytes
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