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152 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
menarche is what?
initial onset on menstration
when does menarche occur?
age 11-15
dependent on heredity and health factors
why has the age of menstration onset decreased?
hormones, poor nutrition, obesity
why is menstration affected by higher altitudes?
impacts blood cells at higher altitudes. women at these altitudes have higher count of fat cells. this could explain why obesity also affects menstration.
menstrual cycle-menstrual phase
from 23-40 days
-reduced progesterone and estrogen triggers
-shedding of the endometrium triggers the hypothalmus to releases chemicals(FSH) to stimulate pituitary
menstrual cycle- proliferative phase
-FSH increases
-Follicles mature
-estrogen reaches peak which causes FSH to decrease and LH to increase.
-estrogen causes endometrium to thicken, follice mature, ovulation occurs 14 days prior onset on menstration
menstrual cycle- secretory phase
-corpus lutem develops from LH.
-estrogen produced from ovaries and progesteron causes thickening of endometrium (in preparation of implant of blastocyst)
-if no implant then the pituitary gland responds to high estrogen and progesterone and shuts down production of LH and FSH.
-this causes corpus lutem (means e and p decrease) to degenerate
-triggers shedding of endometrium initiating menstrual cycle
why perform a self breast exam?
self awarness
health
when is the best time to perform self breast exam?
3-5 days after period bc sometimes breast tender during period
how often perform self -breast exam?
once a month
what is a bad sign?
discharge from nipple
breast health
new reasearch suggests there is a new medicine that if taken before surgery can reduce breast cancer lump size.
-nonhispanic white, african american, and asain least likely fatality of breast cancer.
-BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 tests can find this mutated gene. predicts liklihood of cancer.
solution? masectomy (surgical removal of breasts)
mamography
a highly sensative x-ray test detection of breast cancer best used for women 40 and older
fibrocystic disease
lumps that are unharmful can tender from mild to severe discomfort. related to hormones.
- dietary changes can help by eating more fish, chicken and grains and less red meat salts, and fat.
also caffine could potentially contribute
treatment of breast cancer
-radiation therapy
-chemotherapy
-hormone therapy
-immunotherapy
-lumpectomy
-masectomy
-or combination of these
three types of lumps
cysts, fibrodemonas, and meligent tumors
kegel exercises for women may...
increase genital sensitivity by maintaining or restoring muscle tone to the pelvic floor muscles
frequent douching
alters natural ph/ natural chemical balance of vagina increasing sucesstiblity to infections and other health risks
symptons urinary tract infection
-frequent urination
-burning sensation when urinating
-blood or pus in urine
-sometimes lower pelvic pain
2 causes UTI
-bacteria enter the urethal opening
-bacteria enter through coitus
2 treatments UTI
-wash hands and genitals before and after intercourse
-antibiotics
-intercourse positions less friction
- water solluble lubricants
-urinate after sex
-drink liquids such as cranberry juice avoid caffine
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Symptons of physical discomfort and emotional irribility that occur 2 to 12 days before menstration
Dysemnorreha
pain or discomfort before or during menstration
why does dysmenorrhea occur?
- primary caused overproduction of prostaglanids(hormones that induce uterine contractions)
how to prevent vaginitis?
-eat a well balanced diet
-general good health (adequete sleep, exercise, emotional relase)
-good hygine
-lubrication
-condoms non monogomous partner
Pap smear
screening test for cancer of cervix
-done 3 years after becoming sexually active or by age 21. can range evry 2 years, once a year, twice a year, or even more frequently.
Mons Veneris
fatty tissue over the pubic bone above vulva. numerous nerve endings and protection
Clitoral Hood
Protects clitoris. smega may accumulate under it
clitoris
sexual arousal. only function pleasure
vestibule
inside labia minora the area of the vulva. has to do with sexual arousal
Perineum
area between vagina and anus
-during child birth part called epistomy while in labor makes more room for fetus
labia major (lips)
outer lips similar to the mons veneris
labia minora
inner lips join at the prepace(foreskin/ fold over vagina). has sweat and oil glands. also nerve endings
urethal opening
urine flow
introitus
vaginal opening
clitoral shaft
contains carvenous bodies (engorge with blood)
crura
innermost part of cavernous bodies connects to bone
vestibular bulbs
engrge with blood during sexual arousal
bartholins gland
inside the vaginal opening. secretes fluid during arousal
glans of clitoris
head very sensative
vagina
• Vagina: A stretchable canal in the female that opens at the vulva and extends about 3 to 5 inches into the pelvis.
- Contails 3 layers of tissue; muscosa, muscle, and fibrous tissue.
circumcision
rates have decreased over time
-in west 40.2 % and in south overall increase
-globally nigeria has the most then phillipines then the U.S. Britin has the least
CDC guidelines circumcision
no CDC guidelines exist.
AAP
assumes neutral stance- some pros some cons
-2012: benefits outweigh the risks but there is still no official recommendation
andropause
gradual aging due to hormone changes
-after 30, testosterone decreases by 1% a year
-by 50, could be at least 50%
-exercise and diet affect testosterone as you get older
effects of andropause
-sexual desire, mood, energy level and things associated
-mid life crisis-this can happen but skewed because of media
what does low testosterone mean?
does not mean something serious but can be an indication of another serious problem
-studys show low estrogen can be a problem because it is necessary for guys and sex drive
spermatic cord
contains vas defrens, blood vessels, nerves, and cremastic muscle
vas defrens
move sperm to scrotum to ejaculatory duct through prostate. the ejaculatory duct opens into uretha
epidymis
holds sperm for maturation
testes
secrete male hormones to produce sperm
srotum
comprised of tunica dartos and skin
cremasteric muscle
influences position of testes in scrotal sac
penis
• Penis: A male sexual organ consisting of the internal root and external shaft and glands.
root
• Root: portion of penis that extends internally into the pelvic bone
shaft
the length of the penis between the glans and the body. it can engorge with blood
glans-head endowed with nerve endings
crura
tip of carvenous bodies
carvenous bodies-engorge with blood during sexual arousal
spongy body forms
glans
glans
head richly endoged with nerve cells
uretha
tube in males through which urine passes to bladder
• Seminal Vessicles
: small glands adjacent to the terminals of vas deferens that secrete an alkaline fluid that consistutes greatest portion of the volume of seminal fluid released during ejaculation. Before this point moved by cilia after this point propel themselves whiplike action.
3 positive changes reported by men after kegel exercises
-stronger and more pleasurable orgasms
-better ejaculatory control
-increased pelvic sensation during sexual arousal
cryptorchidism
a condition in which testes fail to decend from the abdominal cavity to scrotal sac
-problematic may causes infertility and increased rates of testicular cancer
retorgrade ejaculation
expelled through the bladder rather than the penis
problematic not in itself but could signal other health problem sterility
smegma
a cheesy substance of glandular secretions and skin cells that sometimes accumulate under foreskin or hood of clitoris
3 consequences of smegma accumulation
-unpleasant odor
-grainy and irritating
-breeding ground for infection causing organisms
penile cancer
is not common (about 1300 men in U.S. a year)
potential causes penile cancer
over 50, multiple sex partners, STI, poor hygine, uncircumsied, phimos(extremely tight forsekin), and long history tobacco use.
testicular cancer
1-2% of men
-greatest risk 20-35
prostatis
prostate becomes enlarged and inflammed as result infectious agent
4 symptons prostatis
-pain pelvic area or base of penis
-lower abdominal ache
-back ache
-aching testes
-painful urinating
-frequent urinating
-difficulty sexual functions
prostate cancer
2 most common type of cancer among men.
how to diagnose prostate cancer?
-Digital rectal examination (DRE)-finger in rectum
-prostate specific antigen (PSA)-blood test
prevent penis fracture?
-not too much weight on penis
-go slow
sex
biological
gender
what we construct means male or female
gender identity
subjective sense of maleness or femaleness
gender role
attitudes and behavior a culture considers normal for people of a paricular sex.
sex determination
23 human chromosomes
-22 autosomes and 1 se
either XX or XY
DSS gene
DSS tubercule becomes clitoris and the folds become inner vaginal lips labioscrotal swelling into lips
DHY (0r SRY)
presence stimulate swelling that causes to become scrotum and genital turbecule to become shaft and glans. SRY malarian inhibiting this destroys the ducts to assure they are male.
external structures?
cant be seen until about 15 weeks (at 9 weeks still look the same)
internal structures?
the two ducts begin to differentiate the wolfian develops into vas deferens, semi vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts. The millerian duct develops fallopian tube, the uterus and inner third vagina.
DHT deficient males
DHT is what allows shaft and glans to differ and become what they are. if absent will look like female but are chromosomally male. at puberty testes decend.
-will often make switch female to male challanges identity formed first years of life and cant change
chromosomal disorders
Kleinfeilters-taller feminized male sterile

Turners-shorter masculinzed female sterile
hypothalmus
directs the production of sex hormones during puberty
-may influence sex differences and functioning. BST and POA are both larger in males and may affect behavior
cerbral hemisphere
the right side in males is thicker (better at math and science
corpus collusum thicker in females bilateral use multitask
one theory- form identity by age 3
- do other cultures view gender differently?
-dominant female/ male roles in south the north more flexible
-two spirited persons
-historical changes, media, toys becoming more egalitarian
androgony
best of both worlds. a little male a little female
Bems scale-measures how masculine/ femine
implications
- cant break from ideas
example: study showed men who did household chores had less sex

-milenial generation but men still pay for dates and epected to approach females
social learning theory
parents, teachers, peers, schools, textbooks, television, religion
-gender typed toys and play
interactional model
both biological and social learning
transsexual
gender identity opposite to biological sex. will pursue changes
-not determined by sexual orientation
-the DSM still diagnoses gender dysphoria which is unhappiness with biological sex or gender role
transgender
appearance/ behavior does not conform to traditional gender roles rather it transcends
sex reasignment
strict, expensive, and risky
-the first surgery was in denmark in 1952
steps sex reassignment surgery
step 1: adjust to identity
step 2: hormone therapy
step 3: surgery
laterization of function
a term used to describe the degree to which a aparticular function is controlled by one rather than both hemispheres
3 disorders affecting prenatal hormones
1.) Androgen insensitivity syndrome- a condition resulting from genetic defect that causes chromosomally normal males to be insensatitive to the action of testosterone and other androgens. These individuals develop female external genitals of normal appearance.
2.) Fetally Androgenized Females- a chromosomally normal XX female who as a result of excessive exposure to androgens during prenatal sex differentiation develops external genitalia resembling those of male.
3.) DHT-deficint males: a chromosomally normal male develops external genitilia resembling female as result lack od DHT.
what do ovaries and testes produce?
• Ovaries produce two classes of hormones; estrogens and proegastional compounds. The primary of the testes are andogen the most important androgen being testosterone
influences on sexual arousal and response
brains capacity to create images and fantasies, emotions, various sensory processes, hormones, the level of intimacy, host of other influences including cultural
limbic system (also known seat of emotions)
A subcortical brain system composed of several interrelated structures that influence the sexual behavior of humans and other animals.
 Key structures in the limbic system include the congulate gyrus, the amygadala and the hippocampus and parts of the hypothalamus(plays regulating role).
cerbral cortex
reasoning, language, and imagination
hypothalmus
MPOA: in rats those with lesions spent more time with mating males than mating females
cingulate
sensory to emotion
it was shown to light up in females who evaluated partners as low risk
amygdala
role in anticipating sex for males.
deals with visual stimuli did not light up in females
hippocampus
gonadal hormones and memories.
-pleasant memories help respond
what androgen stimulates dopamine and helps arousal?
testosterone
serotin
inhibits arousal
dopamine
excites arousal
what happens after ejaculation?
- serotonin relased in MPOA and hypothalmus
-inhibits sexual arousal by inhibiting dopamine
SSRI's
contain serotonin and increases the amount in the body which in turn decreases sex drive
testosterone
produced by testes (95%), produced by ovaries (95%) and produced by adrenal glands (5%)
-in males 20-40 times more than females
-linked to sexual desire and genital sensativity
-5% free linked labido
-if dec testosterone decrease in desire but can still perform
in females major labido hormone
is free testosterone (1-3% free)
-less t but more sensative to effects]
-one potential treatment for post menopausal women is increased t
estrogen
-produced by ovaries and testes
-unclear link between estrogen in males and estrogen in females
sexual behavior and estrogen
-lubrication of females
-secondary sex characteristics
oxytocin
secreted during cuddling and other physical acts
-increases skin sensativity
-high levels associated with orgasm release for women and men
-for women it stimulate contraction of the uterine wall during orgasm and birth
all sense contribute to sexual arousal
-touch is dominant sense
primary erogenous zones
nipples, neck, ear, thigh
secondary erogenous zones
may discover consequently
smell
may play a role through pheromones: androstenone
aphrodisiacs
arouse desire or increase activity
-no clear evidence of genuine aphrodisiacs quality
-role of expectations may influence
anaphrodisiacs
inhibits sexual behavior
example: nicotine, SSRI, smells

why? constrict blood flow limiting circulating testosterone
kaplans model
desire, excitment orgasm
master and johnsons model
- excitement(increase myotonia, vasocongestion, heart rate and blood pressure), plateau(leveling off period nothing changes really all of the abover listed increase). , orgasm(series of muscular contractions of the pelvic floor muscles occurring at the peak of sexual arousal), and resolution ( return to normal nonexcited state)
how does this all together influence sexual behavior
know self, sexual intelligence, know what like/ dont like, social context
how does media influence behavior?
-double standard
-sexexerice
what is sexercise
sex as exercise
100-300 calories burned
-morning there is higher t in males
types of sexercise
-flexi sex-sex as yoga
-core gasm-hold in core
-switch it up
-cross training
sexual frequency
age 50 a sharp decline is evident
infidelity
-european countries have higher rates
-40-50% of couples say this is why they divorced
-Ashley MAdison dating website for those looking to cheat
-studies have shown guiness to be the #1 cheaters choice drink
two types of celibacy
partial and complete
why cellibacy?
-moral
-avoid sti, pregnancy
-emotional stability
-waiting for right person
-asexual/ no desire
"the death of sex"
celibacy rates are rising in Japan,
why? females dont want children and want to focus on their career
how often do we think about sex?
54% of males said everyday (as compared 19%f)
-a few times a week/month 43% males and 67% females
-less than once a month more females than males
sexnomia
interuptions during none REM sleep
-the control center of the brain is off and decisions cant be made
-debate on how to handle these cases
parasomnia
interputions during sleep
historical perspective of masturbation
- condemned because non procreational
-eronneous health concerns
-freud considered immature
how does technology influence behavior?
-sexting
-facetime
-fundawear
who typically enjpoys foreplay more?
women
what is relased immediately following ejaculation?
serotinin contributes to refractory period
kissing
cross cultural perspective and attiudes
touching
cornerstone human sexuality
-whole body is responsive
-specific erogenous zones
stimulation of genitals
-manual
-oral
two types of oral
fellatio-oral of penis
cunillingus-oral of vulva
coitus
term for intercourse
anal sex
-prevelance lower than other forms of sexual acitivyt

-health risk (HIV and other infections)
why is anal sex risky for health?
the butt is not naturally lubriacted so can be dangerous also the anal has a lot of different germs and diseases
tantric sex
about maintaining relationship the duration is most important
-began in India
what aprodisiac is responsible for negative interactions
alchol it lowers inhibitions
why is the scrotum outside of the body?
it is a temperature regulator sperm cant survive inside
two parts of glans most sensative to stimulation
corona and frenlum
seminal fluid comes from
prostate seminal vessicles and cowparts glans