Human Physiology Test 2

Front 1

All or None Law

Back 1

neuron either generates an action potential or it does not

Front 2

myelinization

Back 2

axon that has schwann cells

Front 3

saltatory conduction

Back 3

increases rate that impulse travels

Front 4

rate of conduction is influenced by:

Back 4

myelinated over non myelinated and diamater (the thicker the axon the faster the rate)

Front 5

multipe sclerosis

Back 5

auto immune disease that destroys myelin

Front 6

polaraization

Back 6

there is a seperation of electrical charges

Front 7

depolarization

Back 7

membrane potential is reduced, moves to a more positive inside

Front 8

repolarization

Back 8

membrane returns to the RMP after depolarization

Front 9

hyperpolarization

Back 9

becomes less than -70

Front 10

graded potential

Back 10

short lived local changed in the membrane that can either be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing

Front 11

action potential

Back 11

cells with excitable membranes
ex: neurons and muscle cells

Front 12

normal neural pathway

Back 12

receptor, afferent neuron, interneuron, efferent neuron, effector

Front 13

decremental

Back 13

decreases in magnitude as it moves down

Front 14

What happens during membrane potential?

Back 14

changes membrane permiability ions to move through in or out

Front 15

What happens at rest during membrane potential?

Back 15

sodium ion channels close, potassium ion channels open

Front 16

Why does this happen during membrane potential?

Back 16

voltage gated channels, some protein channels are chemically gated, and mechanically gated channels respond to stretch

Front 17

temporal summation

Back 17

summation over time

Front 18

spatial summation

Back 18

summation over space

Front 19

convergence

Back 19

comes together, nerve impulses converge on post synaptic axon hillock

Front 20

divergence

Back 20

influences many other cells, one nerve sends to many others

Front 21

AchE

Back 21

acetylcholinesterase

Front 22

muscarinic and nicotinic

Back 22

bind to acetylcholine

Front 23

serotinin

Back 23

regulator of mood and behavior

Front 24

ligand operated channel

Back 24

nictonic receptor, 5 polypeptide structure opens by binding 2 ACH

Front 25

G protein operated channel

Back 25

muscarinic receptons: Alpha, beta, gamma complex, one protein is receptor trigger

Front 26

schwann cells

Back 26

form myelin sheath around axons

Front 27

satellite cells

Back 27

around cell bodies, take care of unipolar neurons

Front 28

oligodendrocytes

Back 28

makes myelin (increase rate of conduction)

Front 29

microglia

Back 29

carry on phagocytes

Front 30

ependymal

Back 30

line brain ventricles and spinal cord

Front 31

astrocytes

Back 31

largest neurooglial cell, star shaped

Front 32

function of astrocytes

Back 32

nurse cells, pick up neurotransmitters, blood brain barrier, control ion concentration with in extracellular fluid

Front 33

organization of the nervous system

Back 33

one fully integrated system with divisions based on differences in structure, location, and function

Front 34

CNS

Back 34

brain and spinal cord

Front 35

brain

Back 35

high demand of food and oxygen

Front 36

brain protection

Back 36

bone, glial cells, meninges, CSF, BBB

Front 37

meninges

Back 37

Dura mater
arachnoid mater
subarachnoid mater
pia mater

Front 38

CSF- circulatory system

Back 38

circulatory
cushion
buoyancy

Front 39

BBB

Back 39

no pores b/w cells, nonpolares move in and out, polars have carriers

Front 40

plasticity

Back 40

ability to re model

Front 41

sulci

Back 41

grooves

Front 42

gyri

Back 42

ridges

Front 43

corpus callosum

Back 43

connection b/w 2 hemispheres

Front 44

occipital lobe

Back 44

posterior, sight

Front 45

temporal lobe

Back 45

side, sound and memory storage of auditory and visual info

Front 46

parietal lobe

Back 46

somatoesthetic sensation (hot, cold)

Front 47

post central gyrus

Back 47

map of body regions

Front 48

wernicke's area

Back 48

lauguage comprehension

Front 49

frontal lobe

Back 49

voluntary motor, gives ability to speak, elaborate thinking, personality

Front 50

precentral gyrus

Back 50

motor areas

Front 51

broca's area

Back 51

speaking ability

Front 52

insula

Back 52

deep behind temporal lobe at posterior end of lateral sulcus, memory

Front 53

left hemipshere

Back 53

good at verbal tasks, math, language, logical thinking

Front 54

right hemisphere

Back 54

artisitic and musical

Front 55

basal nuclei

Back 55

gray matter located deep with in cerebral white matter

Front 56

EEG-electroencephalogram

Back 56

clincical tool, distinguish different stages of sleep, legal tool

Front 57

short term memory

Back 57

only for seconds, limited storage, no permenant structural changes in brain

Front 58

long term memory

Back 58

gets infro from short term, unlimited storage, permenant structural changes in brain

Front 59

diencephalon

Back 59

brain tissue found underneath cerebrum

Front 60

thalamus

Back 60

relay station, gathers info and sends it to where it needs to go

Front 61

hypothalamus

Back 61

the tie between the nervous system and the endocrine system

Front 62

hypothalamus functions

Back 62

controls body temp, controls thirst and urine output, controls hungar, controls pituitary secretions, indirect control of cardiac output, play a role in emotional and behavioral patterns

Front 63

pons

Back 63

respiratory control

Front 64

cerebellum

Back 64

contributes to maintenance of balance, enhances muscle tone, coordinated skilled voluntary movement

Front 65

brainstem functions

Back 65

acending and descending nerve tracts, direct control of cardiovascular and respiratory system, reflexes, sleep center, cranial nerves

Front 66

NREM

Back 66

non rapid eye movement, slow wave sleep

Front 67

REM

Back 67

rapid eye movement, paradoxial sleep

Front 68

narcolepsy

Back 68

fall asleep randomly

Front 69

insomnia

Back 69

decreased quantity and quality of sleep

Front 70

limbic system

Back 70

a ring of forebrain structures that surround the brain stem, center from emotional drives

Front 71

RAS- reticular activating system

Back 71

alert, awake, sleep, coma, dead

Front 72

dorsal root

Back 72

afferent, incoming info

Front 73

ventral root

Back 73

efferent, outgoing info

Front 74

spinal nerve

Back 74

both dorsal and ventral root fibers (afferent and efferent)

Front 75

dorsal root ganglion

Back 75

contain cells bodies of afferent neurons

Front 76

reflexes

Back 76

unconcious motor response to a sensory stimulus

Front 77

simple reflex

Back 77

happens automatically

Front 78

acquired reflex

Back 78

learned something

Front 79

reflex arc

Back 79

receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector

Front 80

sympathetic

Back 80

thoracolumbar, fight or flight

Front 81

parasympathetic

Back 81

cranial sacral division

Front 82

dual innervation

Back 82

input coming from parasypathetic and sympathetic

Front 83

antagonistic effects

Back 83

oppostie

Front 84

complimentary effects

Back 84

both produce similar effects

Front 85

cooperative

Back 85

both systems work together to promote a single action

Front 86

adrenergic

Back 86

epinepheron and norepinepheron

Front 87

cholinergic

Back 87

acetylcholine, can be excitatory or inhibitory

Front 88

tonic

Back 88

slow or no adapting

Front 89

phasic

Back 89

quickly adapting

Front 90

afferent input

Back 90

sensory info

Front 91

perception

Back 91

consious interpretation of external worls as created by the brain from a pattern of nerve impluses

Front 92

adequate stimuli

Back 92

usual specialized stimulus a receptor uses

Front 93

alternative stimuli

Back 93

mechanical stimulation

Front 94

types of receptors

Back 94

thermoreceptors (heat), photoreceptors (light), mechanorecptors (sound), nocireceptors (pain)

Front 95

phantom pain

Back 95

amputated people have pathways from their foot even if they don't have one

Front 96

receptive field

Back 96

scribed area for which it is responsible for. more receptors in a region- smaller the field size

Front 97

skeletal muscle

Back 97

voluntary, striated, multi nucleated, contract and relax rapidly

Front 98

smooth muscle

Back 98

involuntary, non striated, one nucleus, contracts and relaxes slowly

Front 99

cardiac muscle

Back 99

involuntary, striated, one nucles (2), intercallated discs

Front 100

motor unit

Back 100

one motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates

Front 101

motor unit recruitment

Back 101

greater strength or force of contraction

Front 102

temporal summation

Back 102

TTT- time, temporal, tetenus

Front 103

optimal length

Back 103

the maximum tension that can be developed when a contraction occurs

Front 104

origin

Back 104

attachment to the most stationary part of the skeleton

Front 105

insertion

Back 105

attachment to the most moveable part of skeleton

Front 106

isotonic contraction

Back 106

sane tension, muscle changes

Front 107

isometric contraction

Back 107

same length, muscle is prevented from shortening

Front 108

ATP is required for:

Back 108

power stroke of cross bridge, detach myosin from actin, pump calcium ions back into sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 109

glycolysis

Back 109

high intensity, short duration

Front 110

creatine phosphate

Back 110

donate phosphate to make a new one

Front 111

oxidative phosphorylation

Back 111

gets everything back to original state

Front 112

regular aerobic exercise:

Back 112

increase number and size of mitochondria, ATP production, myoglobin content, fat burning, number of circulatory pathways, and decrease of lactic acid production

Front 113

hypertrophy

Back 113

increase in muscle size

Front 114

atrophy

Back 114

muscle decreases in size

Front 115

red slow twitch fibers (oxidative)

Back 115

large quantities of myoglobin, a lot of O2 and mitochondria, aerobic respiration, doesnt tire quickly, contracts and relaxes slowly

Front 116

white fast twitch fibers (glycolytic)

Back 116

no myoglobin, no O2 and not a lot of mitochondria, anaerboic respiration, contracts and tires rapidly

Front 117

red fast twitch (intermediate)

Back 117

myoglobin, O2 and mitochondria, aerobic, contracts rapidly

Front 118

What muscle fibers would be in you arm?

Back 118

white fast twitch

Front 119

What muscle fibers would be in your lower back?

Back 119

red slow twitch

Front 120

What muscle fibers would be in your legs?

Back 120

red fast twitch

Front 121

Similarities to skeletal muscle:

Back 121

all have actin and myosin, all contract in response to calcium, all use ATP for crossbridges

Front 122

Differences of skeletal muscle:

Back 122

structure and organization of fibers, mechanisims of excitation, excitation/contraction coupling

Front 123

smooth muscle

Back 123

no sarcomere units, troponin, or tropomyosin

Front 124

Calcium ion

Back 124

does not cause a physical change, causes a chemical reaction, that causes phosphorylation of myosin, so myosin can bind to actin and work

Front 125

muli-unit smooth muscle

Back 125

neurogenic, functions like skeletal muscle but innervated by autonomic neurons

Front 126

single-unit smooth muscle

Back 126

functional syncytium, cells which work as a unit mechanically and electrically

Front 127

pineal gland

Back 127

part of epithalamus, make melatonin hormone

Front 128

choroid plexus

Back 128

part of epithalamus, produces cerebral spinal fluid

Front 129

ADH

Back 129

anti diretic hormone, decrease urine production

Front 130

oxytocin

Back 130

uterine contraction during child birth