Human Physiology Exam 3- Senses

Front 1

Sound Waves are:

Back 1

Longitudinal waves of compression and rarefaction of air molecules.

Front 2

Sound Frequency is:

Back 2

Number of compression/ rarefaction wave oscillations per unit time (cycles per second)

Front 3

What sound frequencies can the human ear detect?

Back 3

20 Hz - 20,000 Hz

Front 4

Sound Loudness is:

Back 4

The height (amplidude) of the sound waves
Measured by the decible scale

Front 5

How does the decible scale work?

Back 5

Every 20 decibel inclrease in sound volume represents a 10 fold increase in the sound pressure amplitude

Front 6

What is the threshold of hearing for humans?

Back 6

About 20 micropascals (whispering)

Front 7

What is # 1 called?

Back 7

Pinna (outer ear)

Front 8

What is # 2 called?

Back 8

Ear Canal (outer ear)

Front 9

What is # 3 called?

Back 9

Tympanic membrane (outer ear)

Front 10

What is #4 called?

Back 10

Auditory ossicles (middle ear)

Front 11

What is #5 called?

Back 11

Semi circular cannals (inner ear)

Front 12

What is #6 called?

Back 12

Vestibulocochlear nerve / cranial nerve VIII
(Inner ear)

Front 13

What is # 7 called?

Back 13

Cochlea (inner ear)

Front 14

What is #8 called?

Back 14

Auditory tube (middle ear)

Front 15

What is #1 called?

Back 15

Malleus

Front 16

What is #2 called?

Back 16

Incus

Front 17

What is #3 called?

Back 17

Stapes

Front 18

What is #4 called?

Back 18

Semicircular canals

Front 19

What is #5 called?

Back 19

Vestibular apparatus

Front 20

What is #6 called?

Back 20

Round window

Front 21

What is #7 called?

Back 21

Oval window

Front 22

What is A called?

Back 22

Stapes

Front 23

What is B called?

Back 23

Oval Window

Front 24

What is C called?

Back 24

Helicotrema

Front 25

What is D called?

Back 25

Scala Vestibuli (vestibular duct)

Front 26

What is E called?

Back 26

Scala media

Front 27

What is F called?

Back 27

Scala Tympani (tympanic duct)

Front 28

What is G filled with?

Back 28

Endolymph fluid

Front 29

What is H filled with?

Back 29

Perilymph fluid

Front 30

What is I called?

Back 30

Round window

Front 31

What is A called?

Back 31

Hair cells

Front 32

What is B called?

Back 32

tectorial membrane

Front 33

What is C called?

Back 33

First auditory neurons (synapses outside of CNS)

Front 34

What is E called?

Back 34

Basillar membrane

Front 35

The basilar membrane

Back 35

Stiff and narrow close to the ocal window, flexed by high pitches.
More flexible and wider close to the helicotrema, flexed by low pitches.

Front 36

What is the pressure release valve in the cochlea?

Back 36

The round window.
All pressure waves are eventually dissipated out of the cochlea through the round window back tinto the middle ear.

Front 37

Endolymph and hair cells have a reversed concentration gradient of what molecule?

Back 37

K+
High concentration in endolymph fluid
Low concentration in hair cells

Front 38

The basilar membrane

Back 38

Stiff and narrow close to the ocal window, flexed by high pitches.
More flexible and wider close to the helicotrema, flexed by low pitches.

Front 39

What is the pressure release valve in the cochlea?

Back 39

The round window.
All pressure waves are eventually dissipated out of the cochlea through the round window back tinto the middle ear.

Front 40

Endolymph and hair cells have a reversed concentration gradient of what molecule?

Back 40

K+
High concentration in endolymph fluid
Low concentration in hair cells

Front 41

What three things happen when the stereocilia are not deflected?

Back 41

1) some K+ channels open and partial depolarization of hair cell
2) Intermediate Ca++ influx
3) Intermediate levels of neurotransmitter release

Front 42

What three things happen when the stereocilium are deflected away from the kinocilium?

Back 42

1)K+ channels close, causeing the cell to hyperpolarize
2) Less Ca++ influx
3) Low levels of neurotransmitter release

Front 43

What three things happen when the stereocilia are deflected towards the tallest cilium?

Back 43

1) K+ channels open, causing the cell to depolarize
2) More Ca++ influx
3) High levels of neurotransmitter release

Front 44

What volume of sound would create this kind of action potential firing frequency?

Back 44

Silence

Front 45

What kind of volumes would create this pattern of action potential firing frequency?

Back 45

Low Volumes

Front 46

What kind of volumes would produce this kind action potential firing frequency?

Back 46

High Volumes

Front 47

What kind of motion is the angular canal in charge of?

Back 47

Rotation of the head up and down: "yes"

Front 48

What kind of motion is the posterior canal in charge of?

Back 48

Rotation of the head from side to side: "pressing ear to shoulder"

Front 49

What kind of motion is the lateral canal in charge of?

Back 49

Rotation of the head from side to side: "no".

Front 50

What is angular acceleration?

Back 50

Rotational motion

Front 51

What is Linear Acceleration?

Back 51

Movement straight forward (car accelerating)

Front 52

What does the utricle do?

Back 52

Senses horizontal acceleration and head position.

Front 53

What does the saccule do?

Back 53

Senses vertical acceleration and head position

Front 54

What A filled with?

Back 54

Endolymph

Front 55

What is B called?

Back 55

Cupula

Front 56

What is C called?

Back 56

Ampulla

Front 57

What is D?

Back 57

Hair Cells

Front 58

When the head moves clockwise what direction does the endolymph fluid move?

Back 58

Counterclockwise

Front 59

Because the semicircular canals are mirror images in each of the ears how does this affect the firing frequency during rotation of the head?

Back 59

It causes one ear to speed up while the other one virtually stops.

Front 60

What are the crystals that are found in the saccule and utricle?

Back 60

otoliths

Front 61

When your head moves right, what direction do the cillium on the hair cells move?

Back 61

To the left (toward the cillium makes the firing frequency higher)

Front 62

When your head moves left, what direction do the cillium on the hair cells move?

Back 62

To the right (away from the kinocilium which causes lower firing frequency)

Front 63

When your head moves down, what direction do the cillium on the hair cells move?

Back 63

To the right (lower frequency because it's away from the kinocillium)

Front 64

When your head moves up, what direction do the cillium on the hair cells move?

Back 64

To the left (toward the kinocillium)

Front 65

What is this called?

Back 65

The electromagnetic spectrum

Front 66

What is the visible spectrum?

Back 66

Violet 400nm
Blue 500 nm
Green 550 nm
Yellow 600 nm
Orange 650 nm
Red 700 nm

Front 67

What is A?

Back 67

Conjunctiva

Front 68

What is B?

Back 68

Cornea

Front 69

What is C?

Back 69

Anterior cavity containing aqueus humor

Front 70

What is D?

Back 70

Iris

Front 71

What is E?

Back 71

Pupil

Front 72

What is F?

Back 72

Lens

Front 73

What is G?

Back 73

Zonular fibers

Front 74

What is I?

Back 74

Ciliary muscle

Front 75

What is J?

Back 75

Vitreous chamber containing vitreous humor

Front 76

What is K?

Back 76

Fovia

Front 77

What is L?

Back 77

retina

Front 78

What is M?

Back 78

Choroid

Front 79

What is N?

Back 79

Sclera

Front 80

What is P?

Back 80

Optic nerve

Front 81

What is Q?

Back 81

Extraoccular muscle

Front 82

What is A?

Back 82

Zonular fibers

Front 83

What is B?

Back 83

Ciliary muscle

Front 84

What is C?

Back 84

Lens

Front 85

What is D?

Back 85

Fovea

Front 86

What is F?

Back 86

Optic disc

Front 87

Explain A, B, and C

Back 87

A) Circular muscle
B) Increased Light
C) Parasympathetic stimulation causes circular muscle to contract

Front 88

Explain D, E, and F

Back 88

D) radial muscle
E) decreased light
F) sympathetic stimulation causes radial muscle to contract

Front 89

Explain D, E, and F

Back 89

D) radial muscle
E) decreased light
F) sympathetic stimulation causes radial muscle to contract

Front 90

Explain D, E, and F

Back 90

D) radial muscle
E) decreased light
F) sympathetic stimulation causes radial muscle to contract

Front 91

explain D, E, and F

Back 91

D) Raidal Muscle
E) Decreased Light
F) Sympathetic stimulation causes radial muscle to contract

Front 92

Pupilary diameter is controlled by _______ stimulation of muscle in the ________.

Back 92

Autonomic
Iris

Front 93

What kind of a lens is this?

Back 93

Convex

Front 94

What kind of a lens is this?

Back 94

Concave

Front 95

How do you determine the focal length of a convex lens?

Back 95

The power of a lens in diopters is the reciprocal of the focal length in meters.
Convex lenses will always have a positive number.

Front 96

How do you determine the focal length of a concave lense?

Back 96

The power of a lens in the diopters is the reciprocal of the focal length in meters.
Concave lenses with always have a negative number.

Front 97

How many diopters of power does the human eye have at rest?

Back 97

60

Front 98

Although the cornea has _____ power optically than the lens. The cornea ______ change its shape, wherease the lense _____ change it's shape, increasing or decreasing it's optical power.

Back 98

More
Cannot
Can

Front 99

What is accomodation?

Back 99

Allows the lens to change shape in order to correctly focus on close objects as well as far away objects.

Front 100

Is the ciliary muscle relaxed or contracted?

Back 100

Relaxed

Front 101

Is the ciliary muscle relaxed or contracted?

Back 101

Contracted

Front 102

How do distant objects effect myopia?

Back 102

(near-sightedness)
For distant objects the lens power is too strong (eye is too long) for the eye and the image is focused before it reaches the retina.

Front 103

How do near objects effect myopia?

Back 103

For close objects the lens is sufficently spherical to focus the image normally.

Front 104

What corrective lens would you use for a person who has myopia?

Back 104

Concave

Front 105

How do distant objects effect hyperopia?

Back 105

For distant objects the lens flattens sufficently and the image focusing works fine

Front 106

How do near objects effect hyperopia?

Back 106

For close objects, the lens power is not strong enough flat (the eye is too short) and image focusig occurs beyond the length of the eyeball.

Front 107

What is A called?

Back 107

Choroid

Front 108

What are B called?

Back 108

Photoreceptors

Front 109

What are C called?

Back 109

Bipolar cells

Front 110

What are D called?

Back 110

Ganglion cells

Front 111

What is E?

Back 111

Axons of ganglion cells (goes to CNS)

Front 112

What is F?

Back 112

Vitreous humor

Front 113

What is G called?

Back 113

Amacrine cell

Front 114

What is H called?

Back 114

Horizontal cell

Front 115

What is I?

Back 115

Pigmented (with melanin) epithelium

Front 116

What are J?

Back 116

Rods

Front 117

What are L called?

Back 117

Cones

Front 118

What is the purpose of rods?

Back 118

To see in low light conditions; black and white

Front 119

What is the purpose of cones?

Back 119

To see color in bright light conditions

Front 120

Do we have a higher light sensitivity with rods or cones?

Back 120

Rods

Front 121

Do rods or cones have an overall greater abundance on the retina?

Back 121

Rods

Front 122

Which has higher acuity rods or cones?

Back 122

Cones

Front 123

Do rods or cones have a higher convergence onto bipolar ganglion cells?

Back 123

Rods

Front 124

Where are rods found?

Back 124

Retina periphery

Front 125

Where are cones found?

Back 125

Fovea

Front 126

Describe signal transduction in rods when there are no photons present (complete darkness).

Back 126

Retinal and opsin remain associated as rhodopsin.
cGMP is high
Na+ channels are kept open by cGMP
rod depolarizes
Ca++ channels open
Continual tonic release of inhibitory neurotransmitter onto bipolar cell
Bipolar cell remains hyperpolarized and is inhibited from sending action potentials to ganglion cells.

Front 127

Describe signal transduction in rods when there is light (photons)

Back 127

Retinal absorbs photon, changes it's conformation and dissociates from opsin.
Transducin is activated and then activates phosphodiesterase
Posphodiesterase catabolizes cGMP
cGMP is low
Na+ channels are no longer kept open by cGMP
rod hyperpolarizes
Ca++ channels close
Reduced release of inhibitory neurotransmitter onto bipolar cells
Bipolar cell depolarizes and fires action potentials

Front 128

Do nocturnal animals have more rods or cones?

Back 128

Rods, so they can have better vision at night. They are poor at distinguishing color.

Front 129

Do diurnal animals have more rods or cones?

Back 129

Cones, they are able to see colors in bright light. They have poor night vision.

Front 130

Why do predatory animals have better depth perception?

Back 130

Convergence
Parallax
Estimation of size