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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the gonadotropin's target cells?
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Gonadotropins target the gonads
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What are the gonads?
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Testes and ovaries
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What are the male sex hormones?
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Testosterone
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What are the female sex hormones?
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Estrogen and progesterone
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What type of hormones are GnRH, LH, and FSH?
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Peptide hormones
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Where is sperm produced?
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In the seminiferous tubule in the testes
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What are the two different tubule types of the testes?
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Sustentacular cells and interstitial cells
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What are sustentacular cells?
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Sustentacular cells make up the walls of the seminiferous tubules and act as sperm "nurseries"
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What are the interstitial cells in the testes?
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The secrete testosterone
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What does FSH stimulate?
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FSH stimulates the sustentacular cells to produce ABF
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What is ABP?
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ABP stands for androgen-binding protein. It binds testosterone
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What does LH in males do?
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LH stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
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What does testosterone do?
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Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis
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What does testosterone inhibit?
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It inhibits the secretion of GnRH and LH
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What is inhibin?
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Inhibin is a hormone from the sustentacular cells that inhibits FSH and GnRH secretion
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What is the female gonad?
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The ovaries
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In females, what are the targets of the gonadotropins?
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LH and FSH target the ovaries
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In females, what do the gonadotropins stimulate?
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They stimulate the development and release of oocytes and the secretion of steroid sex hormones
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What is an oocyte?
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A female egg cell
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Where are the female sex hormones produced?
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In the ovaries
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In females, what do the sex hormones do in the ovaries?
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They act in the ovaries to develop and ovulate an oocyte
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In females, what do the sex hormones do in the uterus?
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They act in the uterus to prepare for implantation of fertilized egg
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What are the three phases of the Ovarian Cycle?
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1. Follicular phase
2. Ovulatory phase 3. Luteal phase |
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On average, how long does the ovarian cycle last?
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28 days
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On average how long does the follicular phase last?
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14 days
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On average how long does the ovulatory phase last?
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1 day
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On average, how long does the luteal phase last?
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14 days
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What is the follicular phase?
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The follicular phase is the time when a follicle develops. It is the first day of menstruation
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What is a follicle?
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A follicle is an oocyte and its surrounding cells
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What happens during the follicular phase?
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The follicular cells increase in number and size
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What happens at the end of the follicular phase?
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At the end, the vesicular follicle bulges from the ovary
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What is the ovulatory phase?
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The ovulatory phase is when the follicle ruptures and the oocyte is released
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What day in the cycle does the ovulatory phase occur?
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Day 14
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What happens in the luteal phase?
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In the luteal phase, the ruptured follicle reforms into a corpus luteum (yellow body)
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What happens in the luteal phase if there is fertilization?
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If there is fertilization, the corpus luteum lives on for roughly 3 months and releases estrogen and progesterone
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What happens in the luteal phase if there is NO fertilization?
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If there is no fertilization, the corpus luteum dies around day 28 and becomes a corpus albicans (scar tissue)
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During the follicular phase, what is secreted?
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Estrogen
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During the luteal phase, what is secreted?
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Estrogen and progesterone
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Estrogen and progesterone promote changes in what cycle?
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Uterine cycle
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What is the uterine cycle?
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The uterine cycle is when the uterus is responding to estrogen and progesterone and prepares for implantation of a fertilized egg
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In women, what inhibits GnRH, LH and FSH secretion from occurring during the early and midfollicular phase?
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Estrogen secretion from follicle is slightly elevated which inhibits GnRH, LH, and FSH from being secreted (as much)
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What is prevented by the early and midfollicular phases when GnRH, LH and FSH are inhibited?
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Premature ovulation
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What hormone stimulates the proliferative phase?
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Estrogen
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What does a spike in LH levels cause?
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Ovulation
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What phase does LH stimulate?
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Luteal phase
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What do high estrogen levels cause?
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Positive feedback
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Why do LH surges occur?
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Because when estrogen levels are high it causes positive feedback which triggers a LH surge
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What does the LH stimulate the ruptured follicle to do?
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LH stimulates the ruptured follicle to become a corpus luteum
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What are the 3 hormones from the corpus luteum and what do they cause?
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Progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin from corpus luteum cause negative feedback that prevent further LH surges
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What phase does progesterone stimulate in the uterus?
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Secretory phase
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Where does the fertilized egg implant?
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Fertilized egg implants in the endometrium
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What is the chorion?
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Chorion is the fetal part of the placenta.
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What does the chorion do? Why is it important?
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The chorion secretes hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) which is the hormone that indicates pregnancy
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If fertilization occurs, what does the placenta begin to do? What happens to the corpus luteum?
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Placenta begins to secrete progesterone and estrogen after 3 months. After 3 months, the corpus luteum dies.
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What happens if the corpus luteum has died and the placenta isn't producing enough estrogen and progesterone?
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Miscarriage can occur
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