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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does immunity mean?
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Resistance to disease
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What are two intrinsic systems of the Immune system?
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1. Innate
2. Adaptive |
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Is the Innate defense system specific or nonspecific?
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Nonspecific!
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Is the adaptive defense system specific or nonspecific?
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Specific!
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Immunity has how many lines of defense?
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3!
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Innate defense system includes which lines of defense?
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The first two lines of defense
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What is the First Line of Defense?
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It is the surface barriers: external body membranes (skin and mucosae)
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What is the Second Line of Defense?
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It is the internal cellular and chemical defenses
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What is included the Second Line of Defense, cell wise?
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Antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells
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What is the most important mechanism in the Second Line of Defense?
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Inflammation!!!
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Which line of defense is in the Adaptive Defense system?
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The Third Line of Defense!
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What does the Third Line of Defense include?
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Humoral and Cellular Immunity
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The Third Line of Defense attacks what substances?
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Particular foreign substances
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Which defense system is quicker to respond?
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Innate Defense System
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Fever is part of what defense? What line of defense?
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Innate Defense in the 2nd line of defense
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Do Innate Defenses create memory when they defending cells?
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NO!
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Which defense creates memory?
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ONLY Adaptive Defense!
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Mucous membranes line what 5 organs?
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1. Nasal and oral cavities
2. Respiratory Passages 3. Digestive Tract 4. Urinary Tract 5. Vagina and Uterus |
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What are the 4 surface barriers in the first line of defense?
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1. Skin
2. Mucous Membranes 3. Acidic Environment 4. Fluid flow or dilution |
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What does an acidic environment do on the skin?
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Inhibits or destroys microorganisms
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What does the vagina secrete as part of the first line of defense?
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Lactic Acid
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Lysozyme of what two things kill bacteria?
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Saliva and Tears
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What are two defenses that are part of the second line of defense?
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1. Phagocytes
2. Inflammation |
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Phagocytes destroy microbes by what?
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Phagocytosis
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What are two types of phagocytes?
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1. Macrophages
2. Neutrophils |
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What are Macrophages?
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They develop from monocytes (WBC) to become chief phagocytic cells
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What are the two types of Macrophages?
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1. Free Macrophages
2. Fixed Macrophages |
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What are free macrophages?
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Movely freely through tissue spaces like in alveoli
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What are fixed macrophages?
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Permanent residents of some organs like in brain and liver
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What are Neutrophils?
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They are phagocytes that become phagocytic when they encounter infectious material in tissue
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Phagocytes may also do what besides engulf and digest cells?
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May release oxidizing chemicals: hydrogen peroxide and a substance identical to bleach
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What is the Inflammatory Response triggered?
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Whenever the body tissues are injured or infected
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What are 3 purposes of inflammation?
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1. Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
2. Prevents the spread of damaging agents 3. Sets the stage for healing |
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What are 4 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
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Heat and Redness
Pain and Swelling |
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What is the 5th sometimes cardinal sign of acute inflammation?
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Impairment of functions
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What are the 3 events in inflammation?
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1. Injury occurs
2. Damaged tissue releases chemical mediators 3. Chemical mediators cause a variety of effects |
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What chemical mediators are released by damaged tissues?
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Histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, complement
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What else can release the chemical mediators that are released by damaged tissues?
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Phagocytes, lymphocytes and other cells
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What are the three main effects of chemical mediators released during inflammation?
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1. Vasodilation
2. Increased capillary permeability 3. Phagocyte Mobilization |
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When arterioles dilate due to inflammation, what occurs?
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Local hyperemia (blood flow) which causes heat and redness
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Increased heat and redness increases what? Which causes what?
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Increases metabolic rate of defending cells which promotes healing
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What is formed when chemical mediators make capillaries more permeable?
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Exudate forms when fluids leave capillaries and enter the IF
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What is exudate?
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Exudate contains proteins, clotting factors and antibodies
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What is the purpose of exudate?
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Brings oxygen and nutrients to damaged tissue
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Fluid in the interstitial space causes what?
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Pain and swelling which may limit movement
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How does the body remove exudate from the IF?
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Picked up by the lymphatic capillaries and cleansed by the lymph nodes
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Chemical mediators cause phagocytes to become mobilize and Leukocytosis-inducing factor causes what?
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More leukocytes (WBCs) to enter the blood
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What are the four steps of Phagocyte Mobilization?
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Leukocytosis, Margination, Diapedesis, and Chemotaxis
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What is Leukocytosis?
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Neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow
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What is Margination?
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Neutrophils cling to capillary wall
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What is Diapedesis?
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Neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries
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What is Chemotaxis?
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Neutrophils are attracted to injury site
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Inflammatory chemicals diffusing from the inflamed site act as what kind of agents?
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Chemotactic agents
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What arrive first as part of Phagocyte Mobilization?
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Neutrophils but quickly die off
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What arrive after Neutrophils in Phagocyte Mobilization?
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Monocytes
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Monocytes differentiate into what to ill microbes, etc in Phagocyte Mobilization?
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Differentiate into Macrophages!
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Pus may be formed during what part of Phagocyte Mobilization?
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Phagocytosis of pathogens and dead tissue cells
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An abscess may form due to what occurring?
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Area not completely cleared of debris
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Antimicrobial Proteins in the 2nd line of Defense attack and inhibit what?
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Attack microorganisms directly and inhibit their reproduction
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What are interferons?
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They are groups of proteins that binds to an uninfected cell to turn on genes for antiviral proteins
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When Host Cell 1 becomes infected, interferons come where?
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The host cell itself makes interferons which then go on to bind to host cell 2 which induces synthesis of protective proteins
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What is Complement?
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Complex group of plasma proteins
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What does Complement cause?
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Causes cascade of events:
1. Amplifies all aspects of inflammatory response 2. Kills bacteria by cell lysis 3. Enhances nonspecific and specific defenses |
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What is Opsonization?
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It is the coating of a pathogen surface which enhances phagocytosis
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What is a Fever?
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It is the systemic response to invading microorganisms
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During a fever, leukocytes and macrophages secrete what when exposed to foreign substances?
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Pyrogens
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What are Pyrogens?
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They act on the body's thermostat in the hypothalamus to cause a fever
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Where do Pyrogens act?
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On the Hypothalamus
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What are two benefits of a moderate fever?
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1. Liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc (which is needed by microorganisms)
2. increases metabolic rate = increased repairing |
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The Adaptive immune response has what three things?
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Specific, systemic and has memory
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What are the two separate overlapping arms of Adaptive Immune Response?
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1. Humoral immunity
2. Cellular Immunity |
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Is Humoral immunity antibody-mediated or cell-mediated?
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Antibody-Mediated!
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Is Cellular Immunity antibody-mediated or cell-mediated?
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Cell-Mediated!
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Antibodies are what type of molecule?
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Proteins!
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Humoral Immunity is carried out by what?
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B Lymphocytes!
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B Lymphocytes produce what?
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Antibodies
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What does Humoral mean?
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Carried in the blood
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Antibodies bind to what type of invaders BEFORE or AFTER they enter body cells?
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Antibodies bind to extracellular invaders BEFORE they enter the body cells
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What do Antibodies do?
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They inactivate invaders and target them for destruction
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Cellular Immunity is carried out by what?
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T Lymphocytes which DO NOT produce antibodies
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Why is Cellular Immunity cell-mediated?
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Because protective factor are the T cells which personally attack and destroy other cells
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What type of cells do T Cells destroy?
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Infected cells, cancer cells, foreign cells
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What activates lymphocytes to mount an immune response?
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Antigens!
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What are antigens doing to lymphocytes?
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Substances that mobilize lymphocytes and provoke an immune response
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What are antigens?
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Large, complex molecules such as proteins or sugars on the coat of a virus or bacterial cell wall
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Antigens are seen by lymphocytes as what?
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Nonself
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Antigen comes from what two words?
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Antibody-Generating
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Do all lymphocytes make antibodies?
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NO! Only B Cells but T Cells respond to antigens
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What are antigenic determinants?
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Smaller parts of the entire antigen
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Each antigenic determinant can mobilize what?
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A different lymphocyte
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Different lymphocytes do what?
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Recognize each determinant to make antibodies against each
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What are Self-Antigens?
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MHC proteins which allow the body to see other "self cells" so they're not attacked
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If body cells become infected, what do MHC proteins do?
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They become altered and appear as "self/nonself"
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Altered MHC proteins will be what?
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Will be recogonized and attacked by lymphocytes
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Why are Antigen-Presenting Cells like Dendritic Cells essential in immune response?
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Because they present antigens to the lymphocytes
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What are lymphocytes?
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White blood cells
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Where do lymphocytes originate?
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Bone marrow
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The bone marrow produces what kind of lymphocytes?
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Immature Lymphocytes
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After lymphocytes become educated, what are they?
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Immunocompetent
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Where do B cells mature?
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In the bone marrow
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Where do T cells mature?
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Thymus
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What is immunocompetence?
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Lymphocytes have gained receptors on their cell surface that let them recognize and bind to specific antigens
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What is self-tolerance?
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Lymphocytes become self-tolerant when they become mature and thus unresponsive to self-antigens
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Naive B and T cells are exported where?
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Lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid organs
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TRUE OR FALSE: Lymphocytes must encounter their antigen BEFORE they become immunocompetent.
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FALSE! They have their receptors for their Ag before they meet it
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Immune system has tremendous capacity to do what?
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Mount an attack against up to a billion different Ags
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Only a few lymphocytes will do what? Most remain what?
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Few lymphocytes will encounter their Ag. Most remain idle
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Both B and T cells undergo activation when what occurs?
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They encounter their specific Ag
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What is the activation process called of lymphocytes?
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Clonal selection and differentiation
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Clonal selection and differentiation starts with what?
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Antigen Challenge
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What is Antigen Challenge?
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It is the first encounter between a naive immunocompetent lymphocyte and its specific antigen in the spleen or lymph node
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Humoral Immunity is "humoral" because why?
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Because of the large number of circulating antibodies in the blood
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In Clonal Selection of B cells, the B cell divides and what is formed?
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Clones are formed with identical receptors for the same antigen
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What are usually required to help B cells achieve full activation?
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Helper T Cells
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Humoral immunity exists once you have what?
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Once you have circulating antibodies
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B Cell Clones differentiate into what two types of cells?
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Plasma cells and Memory B Cells
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What are plasma cells?
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Effector B Cells that secrete antibody molecules
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What are Memory B Cells?
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Cells that are primed to respond to the same antigen
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Plasma cells secrete specific antibodies at what rate per second for how long?
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2000 molecules per second for 4 or 5 days
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The secreted antibodies from the plasma cells do what three things?
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1. Circulate in the blood or lymph
2. Bind to free antigens 3. Mark the antigens for destruction |
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If you mount a secondary immune response and you have memory cells, what happens?
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Secondary response is faster and stronger than the primary response
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Clones cells are what to their ancestral cells?
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IDENTICAL!
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In Immunological Memory, when does the primary immune response occur?
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It occurs on the first exposure to a specific antigen and memory cells are made
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What is the lag period of the Primary immune response?
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3 to 6 days before Abs are secreted
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Peak levels in Primary Immune Response is reached when?
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Reached in 10 days
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After the 10th day in Primary Immune Response, what occurs?
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Ab levels quickly decline
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In Immunological Memory, when does the secondary immune response occur?
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Occurs on re-exposure to the same antigen
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Sensitized memory B cells can respond within what time in the secondary immune response?
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Within hours!
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During the secondary immune response, antibodies bind more strongly or less strongly?
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More Strongly!
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Antibody levels can remain WHAT during the secondary immune response?
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Can remain high for weeks to months!
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Antibodies are what type of molecule made by who?
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Proteins made by plasma cells (B cells)
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Do Antibodies destroy invaders?
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NO!
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Antibodies and antigens form complexes through what 4 things?
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1. Precipitation
2. Lysis 3. Agglutination 4. Neutralization |
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What is Neutralization?
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Abs coat a bacterial toxin or virus to become neutral
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What is Agglutination?
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Abs complex with proteins on a cell surface and cause cells to clump
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What is precipitation?
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Abs complex with small free floating Ags causing them to precipitate
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What is Lysis?
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Complement being activated which makes them lyse
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Ag-Ab complexes enhance and activate what?
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Enhances Phagocytosis and Acivates complement which also enhances phagocysis, inflammation, and lysis
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Type O lack what? Which makes them what?
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Protein antigen on the surface which makes them the universal donor
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Type AB has what? Which makes them what?
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Has both types of proteins on the surface which makes them the universal receivers
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If blood type B got blood type A transfusion, B lymphocytes make Abs against A blood cells do what?
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Abs to make the donor RBCs clump. THIS WOULD BE BAD.
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