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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does Passive Humoral Immunity get Abs? |
From outside source: Naturally acquired and Artificially acquired
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How does Active Humoral Immunity get Abs?
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Makes own Abs
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Which Humoral Immunity, Passive or Active, has memory created?
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Only Active
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What is Naturally acquired Active Immunity?
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You get a disease, mount an immune response and make antibodies to create memory
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What is Artificially acquired Active Immunity?
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Response to a vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
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What are 2 benefits to vaccines?
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1. Provokes a primary immune response to make antibodies without the symptoms of being sick
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Are Passive Humoral Immunity antibodies temporary or long term immunity?
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Temporary Immunity
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Can outside antibodies help you if you're challenged later by the same Ag?
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NO!
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What is Naturally acquired Passive Immunity?
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Antibodies delivered to a fetus via the placenta or infant through milk
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What is Artificially acquired Passive Immunity?
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Injectiong of immune serum, such as gamma globulin which contains Abs of immune animal
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Is Passive Humoral Immunity immediate or slow to react?
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Immediate but temporary
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Why does Passive Humoral Immunity end?
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Antibodies become degraded
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T cells provide defense against what?
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Intracellular antigens
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Immunocompetent T cells are seeded into what two places to wait for Ag to be presented to them?
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Spleen and Lymph Nodes
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What are the two main types of T Cells?
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CD8 cells and CD4 sells
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What are CD8 cells?
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They are the killer cells that can directly atack and destroy foreign cells
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What are CD4 cells?
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They are helper T cells that help activate cytotoxic T cells, B cells, Dendritic Cells and macrophages
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CD8 cells become what?
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Cytotoxic cells
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CD4 cells become what?
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Helper T cells
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Activated T cells become what two things?
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Effector T cells and memory T cells
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What are the two main types of Antigen-Presenting Cells?
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1. Dendritic Cells
2. Macrophages |
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What are Dendritic Cells?
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They are cells that internalize pathogens by phagocytosis and carry antigens to T cells in the lymphoid organs
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What are macrophages?
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Mostly fixed in the lymphoid organs and connective tissue and present Ags to T cells there
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What do Dendritic Cells patrol?
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Patrol the "frontiers" in skin and mucous membranes
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Of the two types of APCs, which is likely to be the most powerful?
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Dendritic Cells
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Cytotoxic T cells recognize normal MHC proteins on normal body cells and do what?
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Leave them alone
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When cytotoxic T cells sees an altered MHC protein, it does what?
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It will become activated and mount an immune response
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T cells must simultaneously recognize what two things?
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1. Nonself (the antigen
2. Self (MHC protein on cell) |
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Besides being presented an antigen, what else does a T cell need to become activated?
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It needs a go-ahead signal!
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What are the two steps to T Cell activation?
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1. Antigen binding
2. Co-stimulation of T Cell |
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What is Co-stimulation of T cell?
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It is the go-ahead signal
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Can co-stimulatory signals come from the dendritic cells when they present the Ag to the T cell?
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YES!
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What are cytokines?
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Co-stimulators
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What else can secrete cytokines?
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Helper T cells!
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Helper T cells can stimulate the dendritic cell to do what?
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To send co-stimulatory signals to the cytotoxic T cell
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Helper T cells also produce what other hormone like molecule?
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Interleukin 2
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What is Interleukin 2?
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It is a cytokine that causes cytotoxic T cells to proliferate and differentiate
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Cytotoxic T cells circulate where?
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Through the lymph and blood
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What are the 4 targets of Cytotoxic T Cells?
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1. Virus-infected body cells
2. Body cells with intracellular bacteria or parasites 3. Cancer cells 4. Foreign Cells |
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Cytotoxic T Cells can activate what?
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Macrophages to attack!
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Cytotoxic T Cells deliver a "lethal hit" by releasing what two things?
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Perforins and granzymes
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What are perforins?
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They create pores in the target cell's surface
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What are Granzymes?
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Type of proteases that enter the target cell and degrade its contents
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Cytotoxic T Cells also call in the what? By doing what?
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The Reserves!!! By releasing chemicals that prod macrophages into insatiable phagocytes and secreting bactericidal chemicals
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What type of molecule are perforins?
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Proteins!
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T cells release perforin and Granzyme molecules through what process?
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Exocytosis!
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After injecting perforins and granzyme, what do T cells do?
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Detach and begins search for another prey
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What are the 4 functions of Helper T cells?
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1. Help activate T and B cells
2. Induce T and B cell proliferation 3. Stimulate B cells to divide more rapidly 4. Activate macrophages and recruit other immune cells |
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Without helper T cells, what would happen?
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No immune response!
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HIV virus cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of what?
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Helper T Cells!!!
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What is Kaposi's Sarcoma?
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Cancer of the blood vessels
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