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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
CNS
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The Central Nervous System consisting of Brain and Spinal Cord
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Nuclei
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cluster of cell bodies in the CNS
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Tract
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bundles of axon forming a pathway
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PNS
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The Peripheral Nervous System that consists of everything else such as ganglia, receptors, bundles of axon of sensory and motor neurons
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Ganglia
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cluster of cell bodies in the PNS
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Neuron
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cells that sends signals to other cells using chemical or electrical potentials
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Glial cells
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ensures neurons are functioning the way they should be, but do not carry electrical signals over long distances
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Neurotransmitters
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chemicals secreted by neurons that diffuse through a small gap to the target cell
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Soma
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also known as the cell body which contains the nucleus and all the biosynthetic machinery. this is the center of the chemical process that keeps cell functioning and alive
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Dendrites
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slender processes that receives information and transmits chemical signals TOWARDS the soma
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Axon
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cytoplasmic extensions that sends out information, transmitting electrical impulses AWAY from the Soma
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Axon Terminal
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end of the axon (connection between neuron and other cells)
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trigger Zone
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axon hillock which is the integrating center of the neuron
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Myelin
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a layer of schwann cells that acts as an electrical insulator
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Schwann cells
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special glial cells that wrap around the axon
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Node of Ranvier
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the parts of an axon where there are breaks in the myelin sheath
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Afferent Neurons
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sensory neurons that receives information from receptor cells transmitting the information to the CNS; long cytoplasmic estensions that transmits information to interneurons
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Receptors
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converts stimuli and transmit information to afferent neurons
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Efferent Neuron
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motor neurons that receves information form interneurons located within the CNS; where the cytoplamic extensions transmits information to effectors
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Interneurons
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located in the CNS and transits information signals with the CNS (in spinal cord or brain)
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Synapse
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region where the axon terminal communicates with its postsynaptic target cell
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Presynaptic Neuron
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neuron from the synapse where signal was transmitted from
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Posysynaptic Neuron
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neuron at the synapse where the signal is received
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Astoglia
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glial cells part of the CNS which are small star shaped and makes contact with blood vessels an neurons to transmit nutrients helping to maintain homeostasis
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Microglial
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in CNS small cells that are specialized immune cells to remove damaged cells and foreign invaders
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Oligodendrites
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is the CNS version of schwann cells that wraps around the neuron to form myelin
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Depolarization
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a decrease in membrane potential that cases the cell to be less negative
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Hyperpolarization
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an increase in the membrane potential that cause the cell to become more negative
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Repolarization
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moving or regaining resting potential
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Graded Potential
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can be depolarizing and hyperpolarizing; the amplitude of the potential is proportional to the strength of the trigger and it only travels short distances
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Action Potential
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are either on or off (must reach threshold -55mV) and the strength does not diminsih as they travel long distance
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threshold Potential
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the minimum depolarization necessary to trigger an action potential (-55 mV)
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All-or-none
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electrical signal must reach threshold or else no signal or action will be produced
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Relative-refractory Period
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requires a large superthreshold stimulus in order to trigger an action potential
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Absolute-refractory Period
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period where no action potential can be conducted
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Saltatory Conduction
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action potential jumping from one node of ranvier to the next which causes stimulus to travel down axon faster
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IPSP (Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential)
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hyperpolarizing graded potential that decrease the chance of exciting the axon
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EPSP (Excitory Post Synaptic Potential)
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depolarizing graded potential that increases the chance of exciting the axon
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Synaptic Vesicle
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vessels that store neurotransmitters that are released into the synapse
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Temporal summation
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summations that occurs from graded potentials that overlaps in time
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Spatial summation
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current of nearby stimulus graded potentials combine
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Acetylcholine
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type of neurotransmitter that react with muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors
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Norepinephrine
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biogenic neurotransmitter that is synthesized in the axon terminal and packaed accepted by adrenergic receptors
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Nicotinic
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chloinergic channel receptor tat produces fast response
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Muscarinic
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chloinergic G protein receptor tha produces a slow response
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receptor types
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G-protein and channels
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Physiology
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the study of structure and functions of a living organism and the componetn parts
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Organ system
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tissues that form structural and functional units known as organs and groups of organs integrate their functions
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Homeostasis
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the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
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Set Point
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adaptation of physiological processes to a given environment condition
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Circadian Rhythm
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control mechanism for homeostasis
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Reflex Control
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long distance pathways that use nervous systems, endocrine systems or both
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Negative feedback
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pathway where response opposes or removes signal and restoring the normal state
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Positive Feedback
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response reinforces the stimulus to become further away from the normal
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Feedforward Regulation
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anticipatory control where predictions of change is going to happen and starts response to prevent change
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Cell memebrane
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barrier that controls what enters and exits the cell
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Gap Junction
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also known as direct cell-to-cell communication where adjacent cells communicate via protein channels called conexions
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Tight Junction
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junction that restricts material movement between cells that are linked together
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Anchoring junction
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cells attaached to each other on the extracellular matrix wchich has CAMs that binds signal molecules and transfers information across cell
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Epithelia
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to protect internal environment from external environment in an individual
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Connective Tissue
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provides structral support and barriers
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Muscle
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allowing ability to contract to produce force and movement
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Neural
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cells that carries information from one part of the body to another
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Paracrine
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chemical that are released from one cell reacts on other cells that are close
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Autocrine
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chemicals that are released act on itself
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Receptors
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transmembrane proteins that are found on the plasma membrane that transfers signals
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Competition
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activity of multiple things that desires the same thing
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Down-regulation
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process where cells decrease quantity of cellular components
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Up-regulation
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process where cells are increasing the quantity of cellular components
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Skeletal Muscles
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attached to the bones of the skeleton controlling the body’s movement
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Smooth Muscle
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primary muscle in internal organs and tubes that influences movement of materials through the body
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Cardiac Muscle
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pumps to move blood around the body
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Tendons
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muscles that are composed of collagens that attaches bones and muscles together
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Striated Muscles
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contractible fibrils in cells that are aligned in parallel bundles
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Myofibrils
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functional units of skeletal muscle
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Muscle fibre
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muscle cells found in fascicle
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Thick Filament
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about 250 myosin molecules that are joint together
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Myosin
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two coiled proteins molecules that have a head and tail region joined together by a flexible joint
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Thin Filament
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made up of actin
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Z-line
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site of attachment for thin filaments
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I band
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region containing only thin filament
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A band
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region containing thing and thick filament
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H-zone
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part of A band and only contains thick filament
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M Line
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site of attachment for thick filament
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Cross-bridge
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interactions of myosin head with actin filament
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Acclimatization
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the adaptation of physiological processes to a given set of environmental conditions
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Local control
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a control mechanism in homeostasis
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Acclimatization
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adaption of physiological function to a given set of environment
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Local Control
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control mechanism for homeostasis where it restricts certain cells and tissues
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What are the five types of epithelial cells?
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Ciliated, Protected, Secretory, Exchange and Transport
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ciliated Epithelia Cells
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found in airways and female reproductive system
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Secretory Epithelia Cells
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synthesize and release products into external environment
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Exchange Epithelia Cells
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rapid exchange of materials in the respiratory system
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Transporting Epithelia cells
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selective transport of materials
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Protective Epithelia Cells
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found on the surface of the body
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What are the five types of Connective Tissue?
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Dense, Loose, Adipose, Blood and Supporting
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Dense Connective Tissue
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primary function of strength such as tendons and ligaments
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Loose Connective Tissue
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elastic tissues under the skin
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Adipose Connective Tissue
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contains adipocytes (fat)
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Blood Connective Tissue
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watery matrix without insoluble protein fibres
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Supporting connective Tissues
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Dense substances such as bones and cartilage
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What are the 6 levels of living organisms?
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Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organs, Organ system, Organism
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What are the four types of cell-cell communication?
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Gap Junction, contact dependent communication, Local Communication and Long-distance communication
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Why do not all cells respond to chemical signals?
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It is because they do not have the correct receptors
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What are the three different types of receptors?
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Extracelluar Domain, Intracellular Domain and Trans-membrane domain
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Extracellular Domain receptors
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involves binding of ligand
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Trans-membrane domain receptors
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for hydrophobic molecules
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Intracellular Domain receptors
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involves activating cellular response
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Agonists
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acts like the ligand and activates the response
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Antagonist
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blocks the ligand and prevents binding to receptors
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Response to chemical Ligand
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signal molecules bind to receptor and activates receptors interacting with the molecules inside cell and starts signal. The signal is then carried to right places for signal transduction causing a response
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What are the different parts of the Neuron?
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Soma, dendrites, axon and axon terminal
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Psudounipolar neurons
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somativ sensory nurons
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Bipolar Neurons
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for vison and smell containing single axon and dendrite
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Anaxonic Neuron
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only in the CNS and has no axon
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Multipolar Neuron
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in CNS and has many dendrites with long axon
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What are the PNS glial cells?
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Schwann and Satellite cells
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Satellite cells
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supports the axon and does not form a myelin sheath
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What are the CNS Glial Cells?
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Oligodendria, Astroglia, Microglial and Ependymal Cells
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Oligodendria
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CNS version of schwann cells
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Sodium Activation
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when voltage gate for sodium channels to open allowing for action potential
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Why is the whole axon not insulated?
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it is because even though there are insulation, the strength of the action potential still decreases and it needs to be replenished along the way to the way to the target cell
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Saltatory Conduction
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conduction down the length of the axon which is faster
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Synaptic Cleft
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the space between cells
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Electrical Synapse
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gap junction which allows for direct cell to cell contact existing between neurons and glial cell
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Chemical synapse
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carried by neurotransmitters for long distance in PNS and is between neuron and effector
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Autonomic System
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involuntary actions done by the PNS and is broken down into Parasympathetic and sympathetic
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Sympathetic
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flight or fight response and how a person reacts to stress
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Sonmatic System
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voluntary actions done by PNS
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Autonimic Ganglia
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synapse between CNS and effector
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Pre-ganglionic
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cells leading from CNS to ganglion
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Post-ganglionic
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cells leading from gangliion to effector
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Varicosity
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swollen areas at sistanl end of the axon end
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Electrical Gradient
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net charge between the two regions of the cell
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Osmotic gradient
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osmotic pressure increases with concentration and solute in solution
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Equilibrium State
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when tere are no net movement and no electrical gradient
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What offsets the tendency of sodium and potassium movement?
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The Na+/K+ ATPase offsets the ions that are moving in and out of the cell. This is a form of active transport
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