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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What drug is used to treat filariasis that targets the Wolbachia?
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Doxycycline
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What percent of insects and arthropods have wolbachia?
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75%
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Treatment for taenia?
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PZQ and niclosamide
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How long can taenia live?
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25 years.
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List the major STHs. (4)
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All nematodes (SATH)
1. Strongyloides stercoralis 2. Ascaris Lumbricoidas 3. Trichuris Trichiura "whipworm" 4. Hookworm |
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What is the worst, largest intracellular parasite?
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Trichinella
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Which 3 of the 8 species of Trichinella do not encyst because they have no VEGF?
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T. Pseudospiralis, T. Papuae, T. Zimbabwensis
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What happens at the Trichinella G2 development stage?
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It has 4N.
It induces differentiation of striated muscle by it's own secretions for encystment. |
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What nematode displays haplodiploidy?
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enterobius vermicularis
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Pathways for Hookworm L3 larva for the resumption of feeding once they are in the human body and mature to adults. (3)
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cGMP, TGFB, insulin pathways
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Give me *THE DL* on Tapeworms
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CYCLOPHYLLIDEA:
Taenia solium/saginata Hymenolepis Echinococcus PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA: Diphyllobothrium Latus |
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What is the largest tapeworm found in humans?
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Diplhyllobothrium Latus
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What happens to Diplhyllobothrium Latus eggs after they are released?
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They take 8 days-several weeks to embryonate into a swimming coracidium.
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Which tapeworms have a bothria scolex and which ones have an acetabulate scolex?
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Diplhyllobothrium Latus has bothria and the rest have acetabulate.
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Lifecycle of Diplhyllobothrium Latus (4)
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1. egg develops into coracidium in freshwater.
2. It is eaten within 24 hrs by a copepod (cyclops) and develops into a procercoid in the intestine. 3. copepod is eaten by a fish and the procercoid goes into the musculature to become a plerocercoid. 4. plerocercoid is eaten by humans when the fish isn't cooked right. |
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Dangers of Diplhyllobothrium Latus
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Usually no symptoms because there is only one worm.
The cobalamin receptor binds B12 and this can cause pernicious anemia like it did in Finland. |
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How many intermediate hosts does Diplhyllobothrium Latus need to become infective?
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2- copepod and fish
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What is sparagnosis?
What is it caused by? |
plerocercoid larval infection
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What is cystercosis?
What is it caused by? |
T. Solium eggs hatch in the intestine and the oncoshpere larva go into the circulation. They develop into cysticerus enclosed by connective tissue all over the body.
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What is Hydatidosis?
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Where Echinococcus oncospheres are distributed over the body and form hydatid cysts.
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What is the difference b/w the two types of human hydatidosis and the species that cause them.
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One has hydatid cysts and is caused by Echinococcus granulosus.
The other has multilocular (coenurus) cysts and is caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. |
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How is Hydatidosis usually transmitted.
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Dogs will eat dead sheep and children will play with them.
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Morphology of Echinococcus
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Has 1 head and 3 proglottids.
(no neck) |
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The treatment of choice for all tapeworms is....
what does it interfere with? |
Niclosamide
It disrupts proglottids and substrate phosphorylation. |
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What is the smallest tapeworm that infects dogs? How big is it?
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Echinococcus Granulosus
3-6mm |
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What is the leading cause of epilepsy in children?
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neural cyctercosis
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How long does it take to develop cystercosis?
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up to 5 years
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What is the most common organ for cystercosis infection?
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the brain
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What is PITT?
Give an example |
Parasite Induced Trophic Transmission- when parasites can alter host behavior to better favor transmission.
ex.) Diphyllobothrium latum makes copepods swim slower so it is easier for fish to eat them. |
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Name the Nematodes.
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ADENOPHOREA (TT)
Trichinella, Trichuris SECERNENTEA (SHAWTAE-BOLD) Strongyloides Hookworms (Ancylostoma and Necator) Ascaris Wuchereria Toxocara Anisakis Enterobius Brugia Onchocerca Loa Dracunculus |
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What is the most common tapeworm infection in man?
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Hymenolepis nana
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What is the only tapeworm that can autoinfect?
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Hymenolepis nana
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What is the intermediate host for Hymenolepis?
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The flour beetle
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What is the treatment for Hymenolepis?
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PZQ
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Which disease has the highest DALY?
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Hookworm infection
(1.8 - 22.1 million) |
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What is the second most common helminth parasite?
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Hookworms
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Comparison b/w Ancylostoma and Necator
Which is more prevalent? Which is more severe? Which is bigger? Which sucks more blood? |
Necator
Ancylostoma Ancylostoma Ancylostoma |
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How much worm burden can accumulate before symptoms of Necator infection show?
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25 worms
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How much worm burden can accumulate before you get sick from Ancylostoma infection?
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100 worms
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What is the theraputic dose proposed to prevent asthma according to the hygiene hypothesis?
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10 hookworms
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Which hookworm has 2 pairs of teeth and which has only a pair of cutting plates?
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Ancylostoma
Necatoraq |
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define ovoviviparous
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when females retain eggs within their body until the eggs hatch.
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define hexacanth
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a cyclophyllidean cestode "tapeworm" larva.
same as an oncosphere. |
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Which tapeworms have an unarmed solex?
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H. diminuta and T. Saginata
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Unique characteristic of Trichuris Trichiura egg.
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Bipolar plugs
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Name the parasitic intestinal nematodes. (3)
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1.) Trichuris
2.) Hookworms 3.) Ascaris |
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What is Cutaneous Larval Migrans?
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"creepy eruptions"
hookworms of other species invade humans, but cannot get past the skin so they just linger there. |
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Treatment for Hookworms
For pregnant women and infants? |
albendazole, benzimidazole, and mebendazole target tubulin.
Pyrantel Pamoate or Tribendimdine. (both target ACh receptors and paralyze the worm. The first inhibits ACh release, the second is a receptor agonist) |
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Hotez developed a hookworm vaccine that targets...
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glutathione, *NaASP1*, G,S-transferase, aspartic protease
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What is the smallest nematode parasite of humans?
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Trichinella
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What parasite does the USDA not check for?
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Trichinella
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Which parasite is associated with sushi?
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Anisakis simplex
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eosinophilic granules are caused by what parasite doing what?
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Anisakis simplex L3 larva penetrating the stomach wall.
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What causes lymphatic filiariasis?
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Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori
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What causes subcutaneous filariasis?
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Onchocercoma, Loa Loa, and Dracunculus
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What are the vectors for filariasis?
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Blood sucking insects
or Copepods in the case of Dracunculus |
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Brugia malayi chromosome number and gene number
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5 chromosomes, 11,515 genes
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What cestode is a conformer?
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Hymenolepis diminuta
(can't regulate it's own osmotic pressure) |
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Main difference b/w flatworms (cestodes) and flukes (trematodes).
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cestodes lack a mouth and a digestive tract.
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General characteristics of eucestodes
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1. Adult worms inhabit the vertebrate alimentary tract.
2. Larva can infect any part of the body in vertebrates and invertebrates. |
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Most common helminth infection.
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Ascaris
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Ascaris general lifecycle
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1. eggs embryonate for 18 days in the soil and become infective.
2. Eggs are ingested, larva hatch and go into circulation through the intestinal wall. 3. Larva go to the lungs and get coughed up and swallowed. 4. Adults are in small intestine |
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Wuchereria Bancrofti male vs. female sizes.
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female- 8-10cm
male- 40mm |
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Life cycle of Wuchereria
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1. mosquito takes a blood meal of sheathed microfilariae.
2. In 1-3 weeks, they become L3. 3. Introduced back in the host and molt twice. 4. Migrate to the lymphatics. (groin and breast area included) 5. Develop into adults in 6 months. (males and females are intertwined) |
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Describe the incubation, acute, and obstructive phases of Wuchereria.
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Incubation- 1 year. no symptoms.
Acute- Adults release microfilariae and begin to die. Inflammation occurs as a result of an allergic response to the dying worms. Obstructive- if acute phase persists, lymph flow is blocked and this may eventually lead to elephantitis after years. |
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Wuchereria is very similar to Brugia except that...
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1. Brugia doesn't affect the genitals
2. Brugia is much smaller 3. |
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Size of male and female Onchocerca
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female- 50cm
males- 4cm |
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What is the treatment for onchocerciasis?
When should this treatment not be used? |
Ivermectin
When the patient also has Loa Loa |
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Where are adult Loa Loa located?
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In the subcutaneous tissue and conjunctiva where they migrate freely.
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Dracunculus Life Cycle
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1. Humans ingest copepods.
2. Larva find their way into tissues and mature after 8-12 months. 3. Females secrete an irritant which causes the formation of papules on the skin which eventually rupture and turn into ulcers. 4. If open ulcers come in contact with cold water, the uterus ruptures and releases millions of L1 larva into the water. 5. L1 are ingested by a copepod and become L3. 6. Larva are released during human digestion of copepod and invade the mucosa. 7. They undergo two more molts to become mature. |
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What parasite is associated with chromatin dimunition?
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Ascaris
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Which parasite has both a free-living and parasitic lifecycle?
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Strongyloides
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Which STHs penetrate the skin?
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Only hookworms and strongyloides
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What is urban trichinellosis?
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The cycling of trichinellosis among humans, pigs, and rats.
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General lifecycle of Trichinella (6)
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1. Humans eat undercooked pork containing cysts.
2. Nurse cells release their larva during exposure to pepsin and HCl. 3. Larva develop into adults in the small intestine. 4. After ONE WEEK, females release larva which burrow into the mucosa using their STYLET and into the circulation. 5. Larva must find striated muscle. There they induce differentiation three times to form a nurse cell. 6. Dead end in humans. |
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Threadworm is another name for....
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Strongyloides stercoralis
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What parasite male form has two alae on its posterior end?
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Trichinella
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Size of male and female Trichinella.
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female- 3mm
male- 1.5mm (smallest nematode parasite of humans) |
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"whipworm"
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Trichuris Trichiura
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