Human Growth And Development Chapters 5-6

Front 1

What are the average growth patterns of youth ages 2-6 in the 50th percentile?

Back 1

Slimmer

Lower Body Lengthens

Grow about 3 inches in height

4 1/2 lbs in weight

Front 2

What are the stats of a healthy 6 year old?

Back 2

Weighs b/w 40-50 lbs

3 1/2 ft tall

Lean, not chubby

Has adult-like proportions (legs about half of height)

Front 3

What is the number one health problem in childhood?

Back 3

Obesity

Front 4

What are the leading causes of obesity in children?

Back 4

Children new far fewer calories

Children in low income families

Overfeeding (leads to hear-disease and diabetes)

Children want food high in fat, sugar, and salt

Adults frequently give in (candy)

Tooth decay (from sugar and fibers)

Front 5

What is the average of children under 6 that are obese?

Back 5

1/3

Front 6

What are the obesity stats for adults?

Back 6

Over 1/2 are overweight

1/3 obese

and 5% morbidly obese

Front 7

What is the just right phenomenon?

Back 7

Normal in children under age 6

Prefer to have things done in a particular order and in a certain way

Have strong preferences about what they wear.

Like to prepare for bedtime using rituals

Have strong preferences for certain food

Front 8

What percentage of 3 year old exhibit "just right" phenomenon tendencies?

Back 8

75%

Front 9

At what age does motor mastery (both gross and fine) take place?

Back 9

By age 6

Front 10

What are some signs of motor mastery?

Back 10

Muscle growth

Brain maturation

Practice

Front 11

What is myelination?

Back 11

As myelanin (fatty substance) grows so does thinking ability.

Front 12

What is corpus callosum?

Back 12

Part of the brain that allows right and left hemispheres to communicate with one another.

Front 13

What is laterization?

Back 13

Sidedness. Left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and Right hemisphere controls the left side of the body.

Front 14

What is localization of function?

Back 14

One part of the brain that controls a certain function.

Front 15

At what age does the prefrontal cortex fully develop?

Back 15

25

Front 16

What are signs of growth in the prefrontal cortex?

Back 16

Gradually enables child to focus attention and curb impulsiveness. Sleep increases, emotions even out, and temper tantrums decrease.

Front 17

What is perseveration?

Back 17

Childs brain skips, unable to move past present situation.

Front 18

What is the limbic system?

Back 18

Expression and Regulation of emotions

Front 19

What are the three parts of the limbic system?

Back 19

1. Amygdala

2. Hippocampus

3. Hypothalmus

Front 20

What is the amygdala?

Back 20

Registers fear and anxiety (almond shaped/sized)

Front 21

What is the hippocampus?

Back 21

Central processor of memories (memory maker)

Front 22

What is the hypothalmus?

Back 22

Responds to amygdala and the hippocampus to produce hormones. Leads to endrocrine systems.

Front 23

Who developed pre-operational thought?

Back 23

Piaget

Front 24

What is operational thought?

Back 24

Thinking logically, fairly, and sensibly. (i.e. reasoning processes).

Front 25

What is symbolic thinking?

Back 25

Seeing something and knowing what it means (Ex: children seeing the golden arches of McDonalds and automatically knowing what it represents).

Front 26

What is the leading cause of death in children ages 2-6?

Back 26

Accidents.

Front 27

What is primary prevention?

Back 27

A change to overall conditions to make injuries less likely. A permanent solution.

Front 28

What is secondary prevention?

Back 28

A means to avert harm to individuals in high risk situations. Temporary solution.

Front 29

What is tertiary prevention?

Back 29

Limits damage after an injury occurs. Way to deal with an accident.

Front 30

What is child maltreatment?

Back 30

Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age.

Front 31

What is child abuse?

Back 31

Deliberate action that is harmful to a child's physical, emotional, or sexual well-being.

Front 32

What is child neglect?

Back 32

Failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs.

Front 33

What is permanency planning?

Back 33

An effort by child-welfare authorities to find a long-term living situation that will provide stability and support for a maltreated child. Goal is to avoid repeated changes to caregiver.

Front 34

What is foster care?

Back 34

Legal, publicly supported system in which a maltreated child is removed from the parents' custody and entrusted to another adult or family, which is reimbursed for expenses incurred in meeting the child's needs.

Front 35

What is kinship care?

Back 35

A form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child, usually a grandparent, becomes the approved caregiver.

Front 36

What is centration?

Back 36

Focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others.

Front 37

What is egocentrism?

Back 37

Tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective.

Front 38

Focuses on appearane

Back 38

Ignores all attributes that aren't apparent.

Front 39

What is static reasoning?

Back 39

Thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been and always will be.

Front 40

What is irreversibity?

Back 40

Thinks that nothing can be undone. Nothing can be restored to the way it was before a change occurred.

Front 41

What is conservation?

Back 41

The amount of a substance that remains the same (is conserved) when it's appearance changes. For example if you took the same amount of liquid and put it in two different sized cups, the child probably wouldn't realize that the same amount was in both cups.

Front 42

What is animism?

Back 42

The belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive.

Front 43

Who is credited with Social Learning theory?

Back 43

Vgotsky

Front 44

What is social learning?

Back 44

Every aspect of children's cognitive development is embedded in social context.

Front 45

What is an apprentice in thinking?

Back 45

A person whose cognition is stimulated and directed by older and more skilled members of society.

Front 46

What is guided participation?

Back 46

The help received in the process.

Front 47

What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

Back 47

The cognitive and physical skills that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently.

Front 48

What is scaffolding?

Back 48

Temporary support tailored to a learner's needs and abilities. Aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process.

Front 49

What is a private speech

Back 49

The internal dialogue. When people talk to themselves.

Front 50

What is social mediation?

Back 50

Human interaction that expands and advances understanding. Words used to explain something.

Front 51

What is theory theory?

Back 51

Children attempt to explain everything they see and hear.

Front 52

What is theory of mind?

Back 52

A person's theory of what other people might be thinking. Children may not realize that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thoughts that they are.

Front 53

What is fast mapping?

Back 53

Attempting to understand what a word means. Speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words, by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning.

Front 54

What is overregulization?

Back 54

The application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, making the language seem more "regular" than it actually is.

Front 55

What is the ultimate goal of psychosocial development?

Back 55

Emotional regulation

Front 56

What is emotional regulation?

Back 56

The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed.

Front 57

What is externalizing a problem?

Back 57

Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, as by lashing out at other people or breaking things. Males express this most commonly.

Front 58

What is internalizing a problem?

Back 58

Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves turning ones emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed and worthless. Females express this most commonly.

Front 59

Parent's play a role in developing this, according to Erickson?

Back 59

Initiative vs. Guilt

Front 60

What is protective optimism?

Back 60

Idea that you can do anything when asked or prompted. Helps a child to try new things.

Front 61

What is self esteem?

Back 61

A persons evaluation of his/her own worth, either in specifics or in general (your opinion of yourself).

Front 62

What is self-concept?

Back 62

A person's understanding of who he or she is, incorporating self-esteem, physical appearance, personality, and various personal traits, such as gender and size. (Factually based, not necessarily an opinion).

Front 63

What is intrinsic motivation?

Back 63

Personal satisfaction and enjoyment from doing something.

Front 64

What is extrinsic motivation?

Back 64

A reward, benefit/external item received from doing something.

Front 65

What is the most productive and enjoyable activity that children undertake?

Back 65

Play.

Front 66

What is solitary play?

Back 66

A child that plays alone, unaware of any other children playing nearby.

Front 67

What is onlooker play?

Back 67

A child watchers other children play.

Front 68

What is parallel play?

Back 68

Children play with similar toys in similar way, but not together.

Front 69

What is associative play?

Back 69

Children interact, observing each other and sharing materials but their play is not yet mutual and reciprocal.

Front 70

What is cooperative play?

Back 70

Children play together, creating and elaborating a joint activity or taking turns.

Front 71

What is rough and tumble play?

Back 71

Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing or hitting but with no intent to harm. Most common with males.

Front 72

What is positive effect of rough and tumble play?

Back 72

Advances children's social understanding and may positively effect prefrontal cortex development.

Front 73

What is sociodramatic play?

Back 73

Pretend to play, in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create (most common in females).

Front 74

What are some benefits of sociodramatic play?

Back 74

Explore and rehearse the social roles enacted around them.

Test their ability to explain and to convince playmates of their ideas

Practice regulating their emotions by pretending to be afraid, angry, brave, etc.

Front 75

Ways that parents differ in parenting styles?

Back 75

Expressions of warmth

Strategies for discipline

Communication

Expectations for maturity.

Front 76

What is authoritarian parenting?

Back 76

Pattern of parenting with strict obedience is required with rigid rules.

Front 77

What is permissive parenting?

Back 77

Pattern of parenting that allows for mistakes

Front 78

What is authoritative parenting?

Back 78

Pattern of parenting that balance rules with a sense of trust.

Front 79

What is neglectful/uninvolved parenting?

Back 79

Pattern of parenting where the child is ignored and left to fend for themselves.

Front 80

What is empathy?

Back 80

Ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from ones own.

Front 81

What is antipathy?

Back 81

Feelings of dislike or even hated for another person.

Front 82

What is instrumental agression?

Back 82

Hurtful behavior that is intended to get something that another person has and to keep it.

Front 83

What is reactive aggression?

Back 83

Impulsive retaliation for another person's intentional or accidental action (verbal or physical).

Front 84

What is relational aggression?

Back 84

Non-physical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people.

Front 85

What is bullying aggression?

Back 85

Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attacks, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves.

Front 86

What are sex differences?

Back 86

Biological differences between males and females in organs, hormones and body shape.

Front 87

What are gender differences?

Back 87

Differences in the roles and behaviors that are prescribed by a culture for males and females.

Front 88

What is the phallic stage?

Back 88

Freud's 3rd stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure.

Front 89

What is an oedipus complex?

Back 89

Unconscious desire of young boys to replace their fathers and win mother's exclusive love.

Front 90

What is an electra complex?

Back 90

Unconscious desire of young girls to replace mother and win father's exclusive love.

Front 91

What is the superego?

Back 91

In psychoanalytic theory, the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents.

Front 92

What is gender schema?

Back 92

Child's cognitive concept or general belief about sex differences, which is based on his/her observations and experiences.