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38 Cards in this Set
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Freudian Psychosexual Stages |
Oral Anal Phallic Latency (only stage not primarily psychosexual) Genital |
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Erik Erickson's Psychosocial Stages |
Trust vs. Mistrust - (0-1) hope or no hope Autonomy vs. Shame - (1-3) independent or feel inadequate Initiative vs. Guilt - (3-5) form friendships Industry vs. Inferiority - (5-12) confident or not Identity vs. Confusion - (12-18) who one wants to be/is Intimacy vs. Isolation - (18-40) Generativity vs. Stagnation - middle age stage (40-65) begin a life or feel unproductive Integrity vs. Despair - (65+) look back on life course |
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Term: Dualistic Thinking |
When things are conceptualized as good or bad or right or wrong. Black and white thinking with virtually no ambiguity. (William Perry) |
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Term: Relativistic Thinking |
When an individual has the ability to perceive that not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist relative to a specific situation. |
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Jean Piaget's Theory |
Sensorimotor - (Birth-2 yrs) main achievement during this stage is object permanence - knowing that an object still exists, even if it is hidden. Preoperational - (2-7 years) the ability to make one thing - a word or an object - stand for something other than itself. Concrete - (7-11 years) marks the beginning of logical or operational thought.The child can work things out internally in their head. Formal - (11 years and over) people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts, and logically test hypotheses. |
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Term: Conservation |
The notion that a substance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape. (Piaget) Child masters this during concrete stage. |
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Term: Epigenetic |
Each stage emerges from the one before it. (Kohlberg, Erikson's, and Maslow's theories) |
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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development |
Preconventional -Punishment/Avoidance and Disobedience -Exchange of Favors Conventional -Good boy/Good girl -Law and order Postconventional -Social contract -Universal ethical principle |
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Concept: Egocentrism |
A child cannot view the world from a vantage point of someone else. Ex - The rain is following me |
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Positive Psychology |
Refers to the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, the ability to love, and happiness. Coined by Abraham Maslow, popularized by Martin Seligman |
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Kohlberg's Levels of Morality |
Preconventional - individuals moral behavior is guided by consequences Conventional - individual wishes to conform to the roles in society so that authority and social order can prevail Postconventional - individual is concerned with approval and the ability to please others in order to achieve recognition |
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Term: Zone of Proximal Development |
Describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor. Associated with Alfred Adler (individual psych) |
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Concept: Maturation Theory |
Suggests that behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment. * The past is seen as an important therapeutic topic |
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John Bowlby |
Saw bonding and attachment as having survival value/adaptive significance. He insisted a child must bond with an adult before the age of 3 in order to lead a normal social life. |
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Harry Harlow |
Believed that attachment was an innate tendency and not one which is learned; Maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys |
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Maccoby and Jacklin |
"Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations." Boys skills vs. Girls skills |
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Freud's Structural Theory |
Id Ego Superego |
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Nature vs. Nurture |
Nature - Heredity and genetic makeup Nurture - Environment |
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Term: Hereditary Term: Heritability |
Assumes normal personal has 23 pairs of chromosomes, that hereditary characteristics are transmitted by chromosome, and assumes genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code. the portion of a trait that can be explained via genetic factors |
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Oedipus Complex |
the boys secret wish to marry his mother, paired with rage toward his father occurs between ages 3 and 5, during phallic stage. |
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Visual cliff/Depth perception |
a device which utilizes a glass sheet which stimulates a drop-off. Infant will not attempt to cross the drop-off, indicating that depth perception in humans is inherent |
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Term: Empiricism |
Theory that experience is the source for acquiring knowledge; the forerunner of behaviorism Empiricism - Quantitative |
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Term: Organicism |
Theory that everything in nature has an organic basis/ holistic Organicism - Qualitative |
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Term: object constancy |
child needs representation thought to master object permanence |
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Term: autistic |
extremely withdrawn and isolated |
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Term: Fixation |
implies that the individual is unable to go from one developmental stage to the next. The personal becomes stuck in a stage where he or she feels safe |
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Term: Instinctual behavior |
innate behaviors that do not need to be practiced or learned |
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Term: Ethology |
the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment Konrad Lorenz and imprinting with geese (critical periods - certain behaviors must be learned at an early time in the animals development otherwise they will never be learned at all) |
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Term: Centration |
occurs in the pre-operational stage and is characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object while not noticing the rest of it. (Piaget) |
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Term: Animism |
occurs when a child acts as if nonliving objects have lifelike abilities and tendencies |
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Daniel Levinson |
discovered that adult developmental transitions in white-collar and blue-collar men seem to be relatively universal; age 30 crisis - occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes |
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Generativity vs. Stagnation |
ages 35-60, successful individual will plan for the next generation. If person does not master generatively, they become self-centered |
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Trust vs. Mistrust |
first stage |
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Parent Ego |
(roughly equivalent to superego) this state is filled with the shoulds, oughts, and musts which often guide our morality |
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Concept: Critical Period |
time when an organism is susceptible to a specific developmental process. Marks the importance of heredity and environment on development |
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep. 2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear.3. Love and belongingness needs - friendship, intimacy, affection and love, - from work group, family, friends, romantic relationships. 4. Esteem needs - achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect, respect from others. 5. Self-Actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. |
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Robert Kegan - Holding Environment |
the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction |
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Maslow needs assumption |
lower-order needs must be fulfilled before the individual can be concerned with higher-order needs |
