Human Growth And Development

Front 1

Germinal period

Back 1

The first two weeks of development after conception; characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation.

Front 2

Embryonic period

Back 2

Approximately the third through the eighth week after conception, the period during which the basic forms of all body structures develop.

Front 3

Fetal period

Back 3

The ninth week after conception until birth, the period during which the organs of the developing person grow in size and mature in functioning.

Front 4

Implantation

Back 4

Beginning about a week after conception, the burrowing of the organism into the lining of the uterus, where it can be nourished and protected during growth.

Front 5

Length of pregnancy

Back 5

266 days or 38 weeks

Front 6

Embryo

Back 6

The name for the developing organism from about three through eight weeks.

Front 7

Fetus

Back 7

The name for the developing organism from eight weeks after conception until birth. When it is born—even pre-term at 22 weeks or post-term at 41 weeks—it is called a baby.

Front 8

The third month

Back 8

Although choromsomes determin sex, not until the third month do the sex organs take shape. At the end of the third month, the fetus has all its body parts, weighs approximately 3 oz. and is about 3 in. long.

Front 9

Middle three months

Back 9

Preparing to survive outside the womb. Heartbeat becomes stronger and the digestive and excretory systems develop. Fingernails, toenails, and buds for teeth form, and hair. The brain is even more impressive, increasing about six times in size and developing mnay new neurons.

Front 10

Age of viability

Back 10

The age (about 22 weeks after conception) at which a fetus can survive outside the mother’s uterus if specialized medical care is available.

Front 11

Chances for survival at 22, 26, and 28 weeks?

Back 11

Babies born before 22 weeks rarely survive. At 26 weeks, the survival rate improves 50%. At 28 weeks, chances for survival has increased to 95%. Weight is also crucial to viability. Girls have better odds.

Front 12

Final three months

Back 12

Maturation of respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

Front 13

Teratogens

Back 13

Agents and conditions, including viruses, drugs, chemicals, stressors, and malnutrition, that can impair prenatal development and lead to birth defects or even death.

Front 14

Behavioral teratogens

Back 14

Teratogens that can harm the prenatal brain, affecting the future child’s intellectual and emotional functioning.

Front 15

Risk analysis

Back 15

The process of weighing the potential outcomes of a particular event, substance, or experience to determine the likelihood of harm. In teratology, risk analysis involves an attempt to evaluate all the factors that increase or decrease the likelihood that a particular teratogen will cause damage.

Front 16

Critical period

Back 16

In prenatal development, the time when a particular organ or other body part is most susceptible to teratogenic damage.

Front 17

Threshold effect

Back 17

The condition whereby a teratogen is relatively harmless in small doses but becomes harmful once exposure reaches a certain level (the threshold).

Front 18

Example of threshold

Back 18

Vitamin A is part of a good prenatal diet, but more than 10,000 units per day may be too much and 50,000 units can cause abnormalities in fetus's body.

Front 19

Interaction effect

Back 19

The condition whereby the risk of a teratogen causing harm increases when it occurs at the same time as another teratogen or risk.

Front 20

Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Back 20

A virus that gradually overwhelms the body’s immune responses, causing AIDS, which makes the individual vulnerable to opportunistic infections.

Front 21

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Back 21

A cluster of birth defects, including abnormal facial characteristics, slow physical growth, and retarded mental development, caused by the mother’s drinking alcohol when pregnant.

Front 22

Genetic vulnerability

Back 22

Organism's genes and enzymes. Gov't mandated that all breakfast cereals be fortified with folic acid.

Front 23

Low birth weight

Back 23

A birth weight of less than 5 ½ pounds

Front 24

Preterm birth

Back 24

Birth that occurs 3 weeks or more before the full term of pregnancy has elapsed—that is, at 35 or fewer weeks after conception.

Front 25

Small for gestation age

Back 25

A birthweight that is significantly lower than expected, given the time since conception. For example, a 5-pound newborn is SGA if born on time, but not SGA if born two months early.

Front 26

Apgar scale

Back 26

A means of quickly assessing a newborn’s body functioning. The baby’s color, heart rate, reflexes, muscle tone, and respiratory effort are scored (from 0 to 2) at one minute and five minutes after birth, and compared with an ideal for healthy babies (a perfect 10).

Front 27

Cesarean section

Back 27

A surgical childbirth, in which incisions through the mother’s abdomen and uterus allow the fetus to be removed quickly, instead of being delivered through the vagina. 22% of births in US.

Front 28

Cerebral palsy

Back 28

A disorder that results from damage to the brain’s motor centers. People with CP have difficulty with muscle control, which can affect speech or other body movements.

Front 29

Anoxia

Back 29

-A lack of oxygen that, if prolonged, can cause brain damage or death.

Front 30

Kangaroo care

Back 30

Care that occurs when the mother of a low-birthweight infant spends at least an hour a day holing the infant between her breasts, like a kangaroo who carries her immature newborn in her pouch. If the infant is capable, he or she can easily breast-feed. These babies sleep deeper and spend more time alert. By 6 months infants were more responsive to their mothers.

Front 31

Parental alliance

Back 31

Cooperation between mother and father because of their mutual commitment to their children. In a parental alliance, both parents agree to support each other in their shared parental roles.

Front 32

Postpartum depression

Back 32

A mother’s feelings of sadness, inadequacy, and hopelessness in the days and weeks after giving birth. These feeling are partly physiological (especially hormonal) and partly cultural, particularly if the woman does not receive adequate assistance and encouragement from the baby’s father and other helpers.

Front 33

Parent-infant bond

Back 33

A strong, loving connection that forms as parents hold, examine, and feed their newborn