Human Growth And Development 1

Front 1

What is an Independent Variable

Back 1

a variable that cannot be manipulated by the experimenter but is still taken into account.

(ie gender, race, age)

Front 2

What is a Dependent variable

Back 2

variable that is measured and recorded

Front 3

Correlational Studies

Back 3

tells about a relationship between variables, has nothing to do with causation.

Front 4

What are Correlation Coefficients

Back 4

strong correlations are decided by the scale, -1 +1. Closer to either 1 means that it has a strong correlation. Near 0, means weak or no correlation.

Front 5

Quasi-Experiments

Back 5

no true random assignment/manipulation of independent variable. Semi correlation

Front 6

True experiments

Back 6

need to have at least 1 IV to manipulate and one DV. Must have a control group. random assignment.

Front 7

What is a Cross Sectional Design

Back 7

people of different ages are studied at one point in time. cheap and easy way to collect data.

Front 8

What is a Longitudinal Design

Back 8

one age group studied repeatedly over time. Provides data on individual growth and stability of behavior. It's expensive and time consuming.

Front 9

What is a Sequential Design

Back 9

combines both longitudinal and cross sectional designs. Tests different age groups over time, helps examine both change over time and differences as an age group

Front 10

What are cohort effects

Back 10

particular impact of a group bonded by time or common life experiences

Front 11

who is considered the founder of developmental psychology

Back 11

G. Stanley Hall; first considered adolescence a distinct phase in development

Front 12

What is ID?

Back 12

to satisfy our desires, no basis in reality, pure pleasure principle, present from birth, gradually accepts that it can't always be satisfied

Front 13

What is Ego?

Back 13

developed as ID is constrained, reality principle, mostly conscious. Mentally functions like reasoning, problem solving, and decision making

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What is a Superego?

Back 14

moral branch of personality. Tries to satisfy ID while being morally satisfied

Front 15

What is Libido?

Back 15

sexual energy, most important

Front 16

What is a defense mechanism?

Back 16

results from pressure of ego, unconscious, (i.e. repression, denial)

Front 17

Oedipal Complex

Back 17

boy wants to kill father and take over mother

Front 18

Electra Complex

Back 18

sexually desires father and hates mother

Front 19

What is penis envy?

Back 19

About 3-4 years old, girls realize they don't have a penis and hate their mom for it

Front 20

What is Castration Anxiety?

Back 20

wanting to kill father but realizing father is too strong; causes repression of desire for mom and identification with dad

Front 21

What are Freud's five stages of psychosexual development?

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Oral stage

Anal stage

phallic stage

latency stage

genital stage

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Oral stage

Back 22

birth to 1 year, mouth is focus of sexual pleasure

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Anal Stage

Back 23

1-3 years, voluntary defecation is primary way to gratify the sex instinct

Front 24

Phallic Stage

Back 24

3-6 years, children develop interest in opposite sex parent, both oedipal and electra complex develops

Front 25

Latency stage

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6-12 years, sex instinct is still quiet. Libido is channeled into schoolwork and acceptable play

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Genital Stage

Back 26

12-late adulthood, maturation of reproductive organs, libido settles in gentiles, aim is to reproduce

Front 27

what does it mean to be "fixated" at a particular stage?

Back 27

when conflicts aren't resolved adequately, the children's needs are either not met or are over gratified

Front 28

In Erikson's theory of Psychosocial development, the basic conflict at each stage is between

Back 28

Biological maturation and social demands

Front 29

Erikson's Stages

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basic trust vs mistrust

autonomy vs shame and doubt

initiative vs guilt

industry vs inferiority

identity vs identity confusion

intimacy vs isolation

generativity vs stagnation

ego integrity vs despair

Front 30

Basic trust vs mistrust

Back 30

birth-1 year

babies must learn to trust caregivers

Front 31

Autonomy vs SHame and Doubt

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1-3 years, developing motor/cognitive skills

autonomy occurs when allowed freedom with decisions. Shame and Doubt come when parents do too much or make fun of the child

Front 32

Initiative vs Guilt

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3-6 years, tries to act grown

initiative occurs when parents show support of independence. Guild occurs if parent demands too much self control

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Industry vs inferiority

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6-11 years

children master social/academic skills. compares self to others

Front 34

Identity vs Identity confusion

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adolescence. who am i?

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Intimacy vs Isolation

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young adulthood, forge close relationships/ problems with first stage will flow over

Front 36

Generativity vs stagnation

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middle adulthood, G is given back to others and stagnation is failing to find meaning in life

Front 37

Ego Integrity vs Despair

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late adulthood, looks back on life

Front 38

Likes and Differences of eriksons and Freud's theory

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E is more optimistic (can always go back and fix things), stage is social no sexual. Both defy scientific testing

Front 39

Piaget believed that ____ was the basis of cognitive development

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Action

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Scheme

Back 40

basic cognitive structure consisting of organized patterns of behavior different kinds of situations

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adaptation

Back 41

how a child handles information he already knows

Front 42

Assimilation

Back 42

part of adaptation; incorporating information into existing structures

Front 43

accomodation

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part of adaptation; changing cognitive structures to include the new knowledge, comes up with new category

Front 44

What are Piaget's Stages of Development?

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Sensorimotor stage

Preoperational Stage

Concrete operations

Formal operations

Front 45

Sensorimotor stage

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birth-2 years, interact/explore by senses. obtain primitive sense of self, object permanence develops

Front 46

Preoperational stage

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2-7 years, children use symbols, lack logic and have major errors in thought

Front 47

Concrete operations

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7-11 years, reasoning become logical, can organize objects but thinking isn't abstract

Front 48

Formal operations

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11-infinity, characterized by abstract thinking, can reason and do advanced math, begins to question authority and becomes frustrated with the lack of ideals

Front 49

What are some limitations of Piaget's theory?

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underestimated infants and young children, development is believed to be more continuous, children can be trained, some don't ever each formal operations

Front 50

How does Vygotsky's theory differ from Piaget's

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emphasis on social interaction and culture on congnitive development, thought one couldn't develop cognitively without the help from others more knowledgeable that yourself

Front 51

Zone of proximal Development

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all that you could conceivably know due to the people around you

Front 52

zone of current development

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all that you currently know

Front 53

scaffolding

Back 53

process by which an adult teaches a child

Front 54

what did ethology teach psychologists?

Back 54

behavior is biologically determined, tied to evolution and early experiences

Front 55

Who worked with geese?

Back 55

Lorenz

Front 56

What does the term "imprinting" mean?

Back 56

rapid innate learning within a limited critical period of time which involves attachment to the first moving object seen

Front 57

Classical conditioning

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earliest form of learning, associating stimulus as good or bad. (dogs salivating)

Front 58

Operant conditioning

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behavior is tested due to consequences it produces (pigeons get food by pressing levers)

Front 59

observational learning

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learning while observing others, learn social skills, manners, babies do this. (bobo doll)

Front 60

what is the goal of the human genome project?

Back 60

to map the entire human genome, instructions fro creating proteins, led to identify genetic variations linked to diseases

Front 61

what does the "X0-linked inheritance" mean

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mutated gene carried by the X gene

Front 62

Fragile x Syndrome

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causes intellectual disability, common in males

Front 63

Klinefelter Syndrome

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males have an extra X chromosome, results in undeveloped testes, enlarged breasts and tall height. 1 in 800

Front 64

Hemophilia

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rare clotting disorder, associated with X chromosome

Front 65

Turner Syndrome

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only in females, missing either whole or part of an X chromosome. results in webbed neck, shortness,1 in 2500 births

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XYY syndrome

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male has extra y chromosome. linked to aggression and violence and increased height

Front 67

Down Syndrome

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1 in 700, extra copy of chromosome 21, low life expectancy

Front 68

what is epigenetics

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development is the result of bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment

Front 69

active genotype

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children actively seek out environments that they find enjoyable

Front 70

passive genotype

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biological parents provide an environment for their chile

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evocative genotype

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child's characteristic evoke certain responses from others

Front 72

three ingredients for conception

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an ovum, sperm, and fertile quality

Front 73

when is conception possible

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2-3 days prior to ovulation and 24 hours after

Front 74

where does fertilization usually take place

Back 74

in the outer third of the fallopian tube

Front 75

what is a fertilized egg called

Back 75

zygote

Front 76

when does a zygote implant in the uterus

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7-9 days

Front 77

what part of the uterus does the zygote implant

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uterine wall

Front 78

what is the blastocyst

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hollow inner layer of cells which implants in the uterine lining

Front 79

what is the role of the corpus luteum

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produces progesterone to prepare the uterine lining to receive a fertilized egg

Front 80

what is hCG?

Back 80

pregnancy hormone, sends messages to corpus luteum to stay alive and produce progesterone

Front 81

what causes many miscarriages

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lack of progesterone

Front 82

what are the three periods of prenatal development

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zygote

embryo

fetus

Front 83

Neural induction

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the process of beginning the development of nervous system start of the third week. starts with a chemical signal causing part of the ectoderm to become the neural plate

Front 84

cell proliferation

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nerve cell begins to form in the neural tube at a ate of 250,000 per minute for entire pregnancy. 30,000 synapses are formed every second. Baby is born with 100 billion neurons

Front 85

cell migration

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begins during 7th week; neurons begin their destination in the developing brain

Front 86

Vernix

Back 86

cheese like covering to protect skin from chapping

Front 87

Lanugo

Back 87

white downy hair on body to protect skin from chapping

Front 88

what is habituation

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getting accustomed to a certain stimuli is the womb

Front 89

why is habituation important

Back 89

fetuses at 26 weeks show habituation to repeated stimuli, could show future intelligence

Front 90

the age of viability refers to what

Back 90

age at which the fetus can survive outside, usually 22-26 weeks, 24th week theres a 50% chance of survival

Front 91

Differences in males and females prenatally

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Males are more physically active and more conceived than girls. females are more sensitive to external stimulation and advance more rapidly in skeletal development

Front 92

what are teratogens

Back 92

any environmental agent that can interfere with the process of normal growth, esp harmful in the embryonic stage because when roans are being formed

Front 93

What is STORCH

Back 93

refers to teratogens

syphilis

toxoplasmosis

other infections

rubella

Cytomegalovirus

Herpes

Front 94

the best predictor of survival with preterm babies is...

Back 94

weight

Front 95

Amniocentesis

Back 95

15th week of pregnancy and on. takes sample of amniotic fluid

Front 96

alpha-feta protein test

Back 96

protein produced by baby's liver; can detect spin bifid a and possibly downs.

Front 97

chorionic villi sampling

Back 97

can test genetic structure as early as 9-10 weeks

Front 98

Stage 1 of birth

Back 98

cervix dilates and thins out. lasts 12-14 hours on avg in first birth

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stage 2 of birth

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baby is being pushed out. lasts around an hour for first birth

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stage 3 of birth

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placenta is delivered. 5-10 minutes after baby