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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which most accurately reflects the nature of the scientific study of human development?
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multidisciplinary
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The notion that development is best described in terms of a series of abrupt shifts in behavior best fits with the _____ approach
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discontinuity
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Sara believes that memory processes develop the same way in all children. Sara is most likely to support a _____ position regarding human development.
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universal
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According to your text, which kind of developmental force has received the most attention?
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psychological
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Which is a problem encountered by researchers assessing the effects of sociocultural forces?
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changing ethnic labels (e.g., black American to African American)
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A _____ is an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development.
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theory
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Psychodynamic theories place the least emphasis on the _____ portion of the biopsychosocial framework.
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biological
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Who is best associated with psychosocial theory?
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Erikson
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The argument that each psychosocial strength has its own special age period of specific importance is the cornerstone of _____ theory of development.
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Erikson’s
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The basic premise of _____ is that the consequences of a behavior determine the likelihood of the behavior being repeated in the future.
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operant conditioning
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After completing his history assignment, Nico is excused from having to wash the dishes, a task he detests. Nico’s parents are attempting to use _____ to increase Nico’s studying.
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negative reinforcement
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If a behavior is effectively being reinforced it will always
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increase in frequency
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An effective punishment always
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reduces the likelihood that a behavior will occur in the future
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Imitation is most closely related to the concept of
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observational learning.
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Who developed social cognitive theory?
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Bandura
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Whose theory of development is best exemplified by the idea that children construct their own knowledge and this constructed knowledge changes with age/experience?
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Piaget
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What is the correct order of Piaget's stages of development?
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sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
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What type of theorist would most likely describe human cognitive development using the analogy of “mental software?”
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an information processor
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The biggest difference between Vygotsky’s approach to development and that of Piaget and the information-processing approach is that Vygotsky placed more emphasis on
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the impact of culture
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Which theorist is best associated with an ecological approach to human development?
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Bronfenbrenner
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Multidirectionality, plasticity, historical context, and multiple causation are all key features of the _____ perspective.
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life-span
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Which must always occur in a real-life setting?
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naturalistic observation
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Dr. Ims studies how children think about television by asking them to answer several questions related to their television viewing. It is most likely that Dr. Ims’s research involves using a(n) _____ method.
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self-report
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Which method of measuring behavior is most effective at directly studying brain activity?
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physiological measures
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Dr. Simpson’s students were rightfully upset when he used very accurate weight scales (assessing the poundage of each pupil) to determine their grades in a developmental psychology class because his method of assessment lacked
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validity.
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Which word is the best description of the meaning of the term “reliability?”
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consistency
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Virtually all studies done in psychology rely on studying people representative of a larger group. The groups of people who participate in these studies are most commonly known as
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samples.
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You read a research article that concludes that the higher a student’s self-esteem, the worse they perform in school. This sort of relationship would best be characterized as
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a negative correlation
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Which correlation coefficient value indicates the strongest relationship?
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–.82
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If Hamid wants to do one study to determine whether or not playing violent video games causes children to act more aggressively, he would be best served by doing a(n)
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experiment.
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Which type of variable is manipulated by an experimenter?
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independent
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You are doing a study to determine whether smoking nicotine prior to taking a psychology test effects performance on that test. What is the independent variable in your study?
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smoking nicotine
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In an experiment the dependent variable is the behavior that is being
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observed
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You are reading the results of a study that tracked how a particular individual’s religious beliefs changed over the course of her life. The study you are reading is most likely a(n) _____ study.
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longitudinal
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Kelly is doing research on the effect of birth order on personality. Rather than collecting data on a new set of subjects, she is analyzing hundreds of studies that have already been done on this topic and is going to attempt to come up with an overall estimate of what all these other studies have found. What sort of study is Kelly doing?
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meta-analysis
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Which statement is not consistent with ethical research?
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Never tell subjects if they've been deceived
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According to the American Psychological Association, researchers must
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minimize risk to participants
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Results from individual research participants should be
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confidential.
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Which statement best reflects the views of the text regarding research in developmental psychology?
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Research findings can be important in shaping social policy
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Researchers believe that _____ may be able to successfully treat previously incurable conditions such as paralysis and Alzheimer's disease
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stem cells
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The continuity-discontinuity issue concerns whether there is just one path of development or several
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False
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The influence of your family on your behavior would be considered a psychological force
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False
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Self-efficacy focuses on a person’s beliefs about their abilities and talents
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True
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Piaget’s theory emphasizes the manner in which children construct knowledge
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True
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A mesosystem provides connections across microsystems
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True
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In a naturalistic observation a research creates a setting designed to elicit a response
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False
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A questionnaire is a written form of a self-report
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True
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Teenagers would be considered a sample of a population that includes all individuals between ages 5 and 50
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True
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The strength of correlational research lies in its ability to determine cause
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False
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A meta-analysis involves the synthesis of results from numerous studies
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True
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You are currently experiencing severe pain in your leg and go to your physician for a checkup. During the examination your physician says, “The pain you are experiencing appears to be due to misshapen blood cells that are blocking the flow of oxygen to your leg.” This would indicate that the most accurate diagnosis of your condition would be
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sickle-cell disease
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The threadlike structures in the nucleus of a cell that contain genetic material are called
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chromosomes
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The first _____ pairs of chromosomes are called autosomes
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22
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What combination would result in a boy?
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a 23rd-pair of chromosomes with one X and one Y
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Human DNA is composed of a total of _____ different nucleotide bases
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4
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Kyoko is 5 feet, 11 inches tall, plays tennis, and is an all-around nice person. This is a description of Kyoko’s
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phenotype
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Which process can best be explained by alleles?
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one gene on chromosome 12 results in red hair while another on the same chromosome instructs the body to produce blonde hair
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Linda has one allele for curly hair and another for straight hair. Linda’s alleles are
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heterozygous
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What should Danko do when he is informed that his newborn son has PKU (phenylketonuria)?
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don't panic, since despite being a genetic disorder, it can be controlled through proper diet (avoiding certain foods)
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Which maternal characteristic is most strongly associated with giving birth to a baby with Down syndrome?
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old age
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John and Wayne have the same genes. This indicates that they must be
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monozygotic twins
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As a behavioral geneticist, Professor Klink is most likely to calculate the extent to which depression is inherited using a _____ coefficient
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heritability
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Prenatal development begins
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at conception.
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If Agnieszka found out that she was conceived through in vitro fertilization, she would know for certain that
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she was conceived in a petri dish
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The developing human organism that has just become completely embedded in the wall of the uterus is called the
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embryo
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The placenta
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allows for an exchange of nutrients and waste
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Currently, the earliest “age of viability” occurs around _____ weeks after conception
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22
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A knowledgeable nutritionist would tell a pregnant mother that in order to reduce the risk of having a baby born with spina bifida, mom needs to make sure that she is ingesting an adequate amount of
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folic acid
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A teratogen is any agent that
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increases the likelihood of abnormal prenatal development
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Both AIDS and genital herpes
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can be passed along to an infant as they pass through the birth canal
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