Human Geography Final

Front 1

any interdependent set of urban settlements within a given region

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Urban Systems

Front 2

refers to the physical structure and organization of cities in their land use, layout, and built environment

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Urban form

Front 3

the social and demographic composition of city districts and neighborhoods

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Urban ecology

Front 4

describes the way of life fostered by urban settings in which the number, physical density, and variety of people often result in distinctive attitudes, values, and patterns of behavior

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Urbanism

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those that serve as a link between one country or region and others because of their physical situation

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Gateway Cities

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a city that is seen at the time as the embodiment of surprising and disturbing changes in economic/social/cultural life

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Shock Cities

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cities that were deliberately established or developed as administrative or commercial centers by colonial or imperial powers

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Colonial Cities

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usually established by colonial administrations in a location where no significant urban settlements had previously existed

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Pure Colonial City

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usually grafted onto an existing settlement, taking advantage of a good site and a ready supply of labor

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Other Colonial City

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a settlement in which certain types of products and services are available to consumers

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Central Place

Front 11

seeks to explain the tendency for central places to be organized in hierarchical systems

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Central Place Theory

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the nth largest city in a country or region is 1/n the size of the largest city in that country or region

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rank-size rule

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occurs when the population of the largest city in an urban system is disproportionately large in relation to the second and third-largest cities in that system

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Primacy

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when cities economic/political/cultural functions are disproportionate to their population

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Centrality

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when cities grow more rapidly than the jobs and housing they can sustain

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Overurbanization

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residential developments on land that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants

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Squatter settlements

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very large cities characterized by both primacy and a high degree of centrality within their national economy

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megacities

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economic sector that involves a wide variety of economic activities whose common feature is that they take place beyond official record and are not subject to formalized systems of regulation and remuneration

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Informal Sector

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Occurs when cities experience a net loss of population to smaller towns and rural areas. this process results in the deconcentration of population within an urban system

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Counterurbanization

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growth of population in central cores following a period of decline in population

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Reurbanization

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an intense geographical differentiation with cities/parts of cities engaged in different ways in ever broadening and increasingly complex circuits of economic and technological exchange

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Splintering Urbanism

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a hypothetical uniform plane: flat with no variations in its physical attributes

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Isotropic Surface

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territorial and residential clustering of specific groups or subgroups of people

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Congregation

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population subgroups that are seen as different form the general population

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Minortiy Groups

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combined result of congregation and discrimination- spatial separation of specific subgroups within a wider population

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segregation

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dominated by internal cohesion and identity(Orthodox Jews)

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enclaves

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more the product of discrimination than congregation(African Americans)

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ghettos

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based on persistent arrival of new minority group members(Italian immigrants)

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colonies

Front 29

a city’s nucleus of commercial land uses

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Central Business District

Front 30

mixture of growth/change/decline

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Zone in Transition

Front 31

process of neighborhood change whereby one social/ethnic group succeeds another in a residential area. the displaced group then invades another area

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Invasion and succession

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involves the invasion of older/centrally located/working-class neighborhoods by higher income households seeking the character and convenience of less expensive and centrally located residences

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Gentrification

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occurs when increasing limitations on tax revenues combine with increasing demands for expenditures on urban infrastructure and city services

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Fiscal Squeeze

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transmission of poverty from one generation to the next through a combination of domestic circumstances

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Cycle of poverty

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marking off bad risk neighborhoods on a city map and then using the map to determine loans

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Redlining

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a group of individuals who experience a form of poverty form which it is very difficult to escape

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underclass

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new buildings blend artfully with old ones

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Beaux Arts

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style with linear clusters of high density medium rise apartment blocks

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Modern Movement

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people work less than full time even though they would prefer to work more hours

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underemployment

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juxtaposition in a geographic space of the formal and informal sectors of the economy

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Dualism

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nodal concentrations of shopping and office space situated on the fringes of metropolitan areas

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edge cities

Front 42

new tracts of sprawling low density auto-dependent suburbs

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boomburbs

Front 43

a package of suburban land-use planning principles designed to curb sprawl

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Smart Growth