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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Population Density |
The average number of people living in a specified area, usually expressed as the number of people per km |
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Define Population Distribution |
The pattern of where people live. This can be considered at all scales from local to global, in an area or country. |
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Define Crude Birth Rate |
The total number of live births per 1000 of a population per year - also known as birth rate |
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Define Crude Death Rate |
The total number of deaths per 1000 of a population per year - also know as death rate |
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Define Demography (Demographic) |
The study of human population. A demographer is someone who studies the statistics and characteristics of a population. |
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Define an Emigrant |
A person leaving their native area or country in order to settle elsewhere |
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Define an Immigrant |
A person moving into an area or country which means that they are not native in order to settle. |
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Define Infant Mortality |
The number of children who die before their first birthday per 1000 live births per year |
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Define Life Expectancy (at birth) |
The average number of years a person is born in a particular year in a location is expected to live. |
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Define Natural Change |
The difference between birth rates and death rates. If birth rates are higher, then there is a natural increase in the population. If death rates are higher, there is a natural decrease. |
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Define Net Migration Change |
The difference between the total number or average rate of immigrants and emigrants in an area or country over a given period of time. More immigrants than emigrants will give a positive net migration and more emigrants than immigrants will give a negative net migration |
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Define (Net) Replacement rates |
The number of children each women needs a to have to maintain current population levels or give zero population growth by generation. It is a measured fertility rate. In richer development countries the replacement rate is 2.1 but ranges from 2.5 to 3.3 in less developed countries because of higher mortality. If fertility is above the replacement rate, population will grow. If it is below, population will decline. |
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Define Reproductive age |
The age which women can give birth. In official demographic data, it is usually considered to be between 15 and 44 years of age. |
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Define Total Fertility |
The average number of children born per woman in an area or country if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years. It is considered to be more direct and accurate measures of fertility than birth rate as it refers to the birth of women. |
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What are the limitations of Chropleth Maps? |
1. It assumes that the whle area under one form of shading has the same density with no variations 2. The method implies abrupt changes at the drawn boundaries which wouldn't be present in real life. |
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What are the strengths of Chroropleth Maps? |
1. They are easy to construct 2. They are visually effective |
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Explain the factors affecting Birth Rate and Death Rates |
-Hygiene -Drought -Education -Diseases (e.g. cholera in water) -Poverty -Natural Disasters -War -Ageing Population -Religion -Migration |
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Explain the Factors influencing the change in Population |
-Fertility -Mortality Rates -Cultural expectations -Education -Employment -Social Class, Fertility decreases from lower to higher classes -Religion -Birth Control -Economic Factors |
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What are the Factors affecting Mortality? |
1. Infant Mortality 2. Medical Infrastructure 3. Poverty |
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Explain what happens in Stage 1 of the DTM |
-High Birth Rate and Death Rates -Population Growth is Small Birth Rate is high because of: -Limited Birth Control/Family Planning -Children are a future source of income -Children seen as a sign of fertility -Religions encourage large families Death Rate is high because of: -Diseases -Poor nutrition -Lack of healthcare |
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Explain what happens in Stage 2 of the DTM |
-High Birth Rate -Decreasing Death Rate -Population starts to grow This is because of: -Improved Healthcare -Better Nutrition -Lower Child Mortality -Improved Medical Care |
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Explain what happens in Stage 3 of the DTM |
-Decreasing Death Rate and Birth Rate -Population Growth slows down This is because of: -Education for women -Preference for smaller families -Increased personal wealth -Compulsory Schooling, child rearing more expensive -Lower Infant Mortality Rates -Family planning supported by the government |
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Explain what happens in Stage 4 of the DTM |
-Birth Rate and Death Rates start to fall This is because of: -Changes in Lifestyle -More women in the workforce -High Incomes -More Leisure Interests |
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Explain what happens in Stage 5 of the DTM |
-Death Rate exceeds the birth rate -Women have greater financial independence -Concept of childlessness -Concern of population pressure on resources |
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What are the advantages of the DTM? |
-Easily and universally applied -Used to compares stages of demographic development -Used by demographers to make predictions about future change -Makes comparisons between countries -Many other countries went through similar stages as they industrialized such as North America and Europe -Some countries such as Singapore and South Korea seem to go through similar stages faster than the UK -Model explains what happened and why it happened in a particular sequence |
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What are the Disadvantages of the DTM? |
-Migration and impact on birth rates aren't taken into account -Government Policies (Impact Birth Rate) -Wars and conflicts (Impact Death Rate) -Impacts of Diseases -Environmental Limitations (e.g. Climate Conditions and Natural Disasters) -Original didn't include Stage 5 -It assumes that all countries will follow the European sequence of socioeconomic change and doesn't include non-industrializing countries -Assumed Stage 3 happened over decades as death rate fell, however, not so. It was held back by attitudes to birth rates and in some cases speeded up through government interventions such as the One child Policy. -Countries in Southern Africa where the death rate has fallen dramatically appear to have slipped back into a situation such as Stage 1. It doesn't help predict the future of these countries. |
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What do Population Pyramids show? |
1. The results of births minus deaths in specific age groups 2. Predicts short term and long term future changes in population 3. The effects of migration including age and gender 4. The effects of events such as war, famine and diseases 5. Overall life expectancy |
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What are the problems of a youthful population? |
1. Increasing demands for improving maternal and child healthcare and education 2. Providing food, water, energy and shelter for growing population 3. Governments need to keep up with the demands of schooling 4. Lack of attendance in schools leads to low levels of literacy and poorly educated workforce. |
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What are the benefits of a Youthful Population? |
1. Young people of today are the country's human resources of tomorrow. 2. Can foster growth and development if there are favourable politic and economic conditions. 3. Can provide a cheap workforce and a growing market for foreign investors. |
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Define Demographic Divident |
The benefits a country gets when it's working population outgrows its dependants, such as the elderly and children. A boost in economic productivity results from growing numbers in the workforce relative to the number of dependants. |
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What causes the social and economic development of a country to grow? |
1. A large educated workforce attracts investment from footloose global companies (TNC's) 2. Workers with fewer children invest more of their income leading to financial stability and growth 3. Fewer children also means more women joining the workforce, promoting gender equality. 4. Salaried workers provide growing market for consumption of goods and services. |
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Define a Tiger Economy |
The economy of a country which undergoes rapid economic growth, usually accompanied by an increase in the standard of living. |
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Define an Asylum Seeker |
A person who has fled their country of origin and applies for asylum under the 1951 Convention on the grounds that they cannot return to their country of origin because of a well-founded fear of death or persecution. While they wait for a decision on their application to be concluded, they are known as an asylum seeker. |
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Define an Economic Migrant |
A person who has voluntarily left their country of origin to seek, by lawful or unlawful means, employment in another country. |
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Define a Refugee |
In it's broader context it means a person fleeing, for example, civil war or natural disaster but not necessarily fearing persecution as defined by the 1951 Refugee Convention. Legally, however, a refugee is an asylum seeker whose application claim for asylum has been successful. |
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Define Migration |
The movement of people across a specified boundary in order to establish a new permanent or semi-permanent residence. |
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Describe the Intervening Factors of Migration? |
Marks for the following points included: 1. Travel Costs 2. Family Pressures 3. Language Barriers 4. Misinformation 5. Migration Controls 6. Bureaucracy 7. Border Controls |
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Describe the Impacts of Coronary Heart Disease |
1. Impact on life expectancy, quality of life, and the reduced ability to live a 'normal' life as walking becomes difficult 2. Impacts families and their lives as they have to work as unpaid carers as well as lifestyle impacts 3. Linked risks include obesity and smoking. This reduces life expectancy by 14 years if you smoke and are obese 4. People may be unable to work and the costs of treatment and its impacts on other budgets such as education and infrastructure 5. Costs may be linked to reducing the risks regarding education, advertisement campaigns regarding healthy lifestyles or policies to reduce the incidence such as banning smoking in public places. |
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Describe Management and Mitigation Strategies against Coronary Heart Disease |
1. Dieticians promote the benefits for heart health and of eating healthier food with less saturated fat 2. Health education and nutrition labelling led to reductions in cholesterol levels. Education campaigns and increased treatment of high blood pressure. For example in schools. 3. Activities to engage public in physical activities to promote a healthy heart diet 4. Advertisement bans 5. Smoke-free areas 6. Health warnings on packets 7. Taxation and outright bans in public areas e.g. Singapore where smoking is banned. |
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Outline the role of International Agencies |
1. Responsible for the International Classification of Diseases which has become the worldwide standard for clinical and epidemiological purposes 2. Advising national ministries of health on technical issues and providing assistance on health systems and care services 3. Advising on the prevention and treatment of both communicable and non-communicable diseases. 4. Working with other UN agencies, NGO's and other partners on International health issues and other crisis |
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Outline the Successes of the World Health Organization (WHO) |
1. The eradication of smallpox 2. Special attention to adapting global HIV/AIDS policies to fit specific needs of different regions.; For example, in sub-Saharan Africa, it's spread through heterosexual relationships. And in Eastern Europe through the injection of drugs. 3. Global effort launched to mobilise resources for women and children's health to save lives |
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What is UNICEF in association to CHD? |
Work with various partners towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals and have mobilised both human and capital resources in their focus to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS and reverse the incidence of malaria and other diseases affecting children. |
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Define Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) |
Any non-profit association that operates independently of both government and of profitable businesses. They are alternative healthcare providers to the state, especially in developing countries. |
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Describe the attributes that increase the potential effectiveness of NGOs? |
1. Their ability to reach areas of severe need 2. Their promotion of local government 3. Their relatively low costs of operation 4. Their adaptivity and innovation, independence and sustainability |
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Outline the Role of NGOs |
1. Service Providers: Providers of clinical healthcare: treating illnesses in the absence of, or complementary to, any existing government or private provision. 2. Social Welfare Activities: Providing or ensuring that the health infrastructure is in place, for example, food supply, clean water provision, public hygiene, sanitation and shelter for the unwell 3. Supporting Activities: Working with and training locals as health workers. 4. Research and Advocacy: Involvement in research to improve efficacy of prevention campaigns for both communicable and non-communicable diseases. |
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Define Morbidity |
Relates to illness and disease. Some diseases are so infectious that they have to be reported such as Malaria, rubella and tuberculosis. |
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Define the Epidemiological Transition |
This describes patterns of population age distribution, mortality, fertility, life expectancy and the causes of death. It assumes that infectious diseases are replaced by chronic diseases over time due to expanded public health and sanitation. |
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Describe factors for the economic and social development |
1. Improvements in healthcare provisions 2. Increasing food productivity and distribution in transport infrastructure so people are less prone to famine or diseases related to malnutrition 3. Developments in sanitation and public hygiene reduces the chances of water borne infections such as Typhoid and Cholera 4. Medical technology and vaccination programmes reduce the risks of infectious diseases 5. Investment in drainage and sewage systems especially in urban areas 6. Trading of resources or manufactured goods in exchange for wider varieties of foods and medicines 7. Better training for doctors, nurses and mid-wives 8. Aid programmes from the UN or from NGO provisions to improve healthcare resources. |
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Evidence to support the Epidemiological Transition that Infectious diseases will be replaced by chronic and degenerative diseases |
1. Technology has diagnosed illnesses, rather than an increase in diseases 2. Lifestyle and behaviour are linked to 20-25% of the global burden of disease which is increasing in poorer countries 3. Shift in demographic and disease profiles is caused by the use and access to antibiotics and increased public sanitation |
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What are the links between the natural environment and diseases? |
1. Drought leads to crop failure, reduction in food consumption and potential famine 2. Flooding caused by heavy rains or tropical storms can lead to water borne diseases and respiratory infections. |
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What are some examples of Seasonal effective disorders? |
1. Depression. Usually winter due to reduced exposure to sunlight during shorter days of the year 2. Hay-fever and asthma: where the body reacts to pollen in the summer months |
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Define Malaria and it's cause |
A biologically transmitted communicable disease. Mosquitoes thrive in warmer climates, the earth's getting warmer due to climate change and so stronger medication is required for prevention. Malaria during pregnancy is associated with anemia among children- a major cause of infant mortality, poor growth and development. |
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Define Well Being |
The state of being comfortable, healthy or happy. When an individual's ill, they can't have any of these things. This has an effect on the economy of a country. |
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What are the effects of Malaria? |
1. Increases school and work absenteeism 2. Decreases tourism 3. Inhibits foreign investment 4. Affects crop production |
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What are the costs of Malaria to the Individuals |
1. Less education from school absence 2. Expenses for burial in case of death 3. Decreased income from lost days at work 4. Reduction of crop production 5. Purchase of drugs for treatment |
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What are the costs of Malaria to the Government |
1. Public interventions against Malaria 2. Maintenance, supply and staffing health facilities 3. Purchase of drugs for treatment |
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What are the prevention techniques against Malaria |
1. Artemisinin- chemical used to prevent transmissions 2. Bed nets (often sprayed with insecticides) reduces malaria transmissions 3. Prompt and effective treatment with artemisinin- based combination therapies (ACT) 4. Use of insecticidal nets by people at risk 5. Indoor residual spraying with insecticide to control vector mosquitoes 6. Burning mosquito coil in Asia and South America as it's cheap and readily available. However, smoke produced contains pollutants. |
