Human Geo Chapter 1

Front 1

Geography

Back 1

the study of where things are found on Earth's surface and the reasons for the locations.

Front 2

Map

Back 2

a two dimensional or flat scale model of Earth's surface or a portion of it.

Front 3

cartography

Back 3

science of mapmaking

Front 4

two purposes maps serve:

Back 4

1. As a reference tool

2. As a communications tool

Front 5

Stick chart or stick map

Back 5

created by ancient people living on islands in the south Pacific. the map shows tides, island locations, currents, etc.

Front 6

Map by Al-Idrisi

Back 6

improved upon Ptolemy's design, creating a world map

Front 7

Eratostenes

Back 7

created one of the first world maps and first used the word geography

Front 8

Ptolemy

Back 8

created maps after Eratostenes that weren't improved upon for thousands of years because Europe was in a Dark Age

Front 9

Pei Xiu

Back 9

"father of chinese cartography" produced an elaborate map of china

Front 10

The Age of Exploration and Discovery

Back 10

revived mapmaking because people like Columbus and Magellan needed accurate maps.

Marco Polo was a catalyst for this

Front 11

Martin Waldseemuller

Back 11

produced the first map with the label America

Front 12

Abraham Ortelius

Back 12

a flemish cartographer created the first modern atlas

Front 13

Bernhardus Varenus

Back 13

produced Geographia Generalis, stood for more than a century as the standard treatise on systematic geography

Front 14

Hurricane Katrina

Back 14

-one of the costliest disasters in US history

-provided useful information on sustainability and inequality in New Orleans

-showed how most of the poor and elderly could not be warned and evacuated in time which was why many of them suffered

Front 15

Map Scale

Back 15

refers to the relationship of a feature's size on the map to it's actual size on earth

Front 16

Ways Map Scale is presented:

Back 16

-ratio/fraction

-written scale

-graphic scale

Front 17

Back 17

Top has smallest scale, bottom has largest

Front 18

Projection

Back 18

the scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a flat map

Front 19

Four Types of Distortion that can occur with maps:

Back 19

1. Shape can be distorted

2. Distance can be distorted

3. Relative Size of areas can be altered

4. Direction from one place to another

Front 20

Equal Area Projections

Back 20

-relative size of landmasses is the same

-distortion occurs closer to the poles, which has less impact because those areas are less inhabiteed

Front 21

Back 21

Mercator Map

Better around the equator

Distortion near poles

Pacific Ocean cut in half

Front 22

Back 22

Robinson Projection

Antartic easily visible

Equal latitude lines

Pacific ocean is sliced

Front 23

Back 23

Goode Homolosine Projection

Size relatively accurate

Shows earths general cyrvature

Measures some distances accurately

Less stretching, more accuracy

Front 24

Geographic Grid

Back 24

set of imaginary arcs drawn in a grid pattern on Earth's surface

Front 25

Meridian

Back 25

drawn between the North and South Poles, known as longitude

they go from 0 to 180 degrees

Front 26

prime meridian

Back 26

Passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich England at 0 degrees longitude

Front 27

parallel

Back 27

circle drawn around earth's surface that is parallel to the equator, also known as latitude

Front 28

Back 28

Latitude: long ways 0°-90°

Longitude: up and down 0°-180°

Front 29

Why was the prime meridian created at greenwich england?

Back 29

at the time england was the most powerful country and the international agreement was made for it to be that area

Front 30

Longitude Act

Back 30

enacted by the British Parliment in 1714 to whoever could figure out how to measure longitude

John Harrison won the prize because he was the first to invent a clock that kept accurate time on a ship

Front 31

What plays an important role in telling time?

Back 31

longitude

Front 32

What is used for the timezones?

Back 32

longitude lines. Beginning in Greenwich England and heading to the right. Passing over the international date line makes you lose/gain a day though

Front 33

Geographic Information Science

Back 33

(GIScience) involves the development and analysis of data about Earth acquired trough satellite and other electronic information technologies

Front 34

Remote Sensing

Back 34

acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long distance methods

Front 35

Navteq and Atlas

Back 35

the two countries largely responsible for all of the data within navigation devices

Front 36

Global Positioning System

Back 36

the system that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth

Front 37

US GPS contains three elements

Back 37

-satellites in predetermined locations

-a receiver that can locate at least 4 satellites

-tracking stations to monitor and control the satellites

Front 38

Geographic Information System

Back 38

a computer system that captures, stores, queries, analyzes and displays geographic data

-allows data to be stored in layers for comparison

Front 39

Place

Back 39

a specific point on earth distinguished by a particular characteristic. Every place represents a unique location or position on Earth's surface

Front 40

location

Back 40

the position that something occupies on earth's surface

Front 41

three ways to identify location

Back 41

place name, site, and situation

Front 42

toponym

Back 42

name given to a place on earth

Front 43

site

Back 43

the physical character of a place

includes: climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation

Front 44

situation

Back 44

location of a place relative to other places

Front 45

region

Back 45

an area of Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics

Front 46

Two scales of region:

Back 46

1. Spanning political states (countries)

2. Constrained within one political state

Front 47

cultural landscape

Back 47

a combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry and physical features such as climate and vegetation

Front 48

Paul Vidal de la Blache and Jean Brunhes

Back 48

initiated the cultural landscape approach, also called regional studies

Front 49

Formal Region

Back 49

also called a uniform region, is an area within which everyone shares in one or ore distinctive characteristics

ex: U.S. - same currency and language

Front 50

Functional Region

Back 50

also called a nodal region, is an area organized around a node or focal point

ex: Sports teams

Front 51

Vernacular Region

Back 51

also known as a perceptual region, is an area people believe exist as part of their cultural identity

ex: American South

Front 52

mental map

Back 52

internal representation of a portion of Earth's surface, depicting what an individual knows about a place

Front 53

culture

Back 53

the body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people

Front 54

Culture: What people care about

Back 54

language, religion, ethnicity,

Front 55

Culture: What people take care of

Back 55

material wealth-food, clothing, shelter

Front 56

scale

Back 56

relationship between the portion of earth being studied and earth as a whole

Front 57

globilization

Back 57

a force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope

Front 58

housing bubble

Back 58

a rapid increase in the value of houses followed by a sharp decline in their value

Front 59

transnational corporations

Back 59

conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters and principal shareholders are located

Front 60

space

Back 60

referss to the physical gap or interval between two objects

Front 61

distribution

Back 61

the arrangement of a feature in space

Front 62

density

Back 62

frequency with which something occurs in a set space

Front 63

concentration

Back 63

the extent of a features spread over space

Front 64

two types of concentration

Back 64

1. Clustered - closely spaced together

2. Dispersed - relatively far apart

Front 65

pattern

Back 65

the geometric arrangement of objects in space

Front 66

Land Ordinance of 1785

Back 66

the stystem of townships, ranges, and sections determined by the U.S. government after the revolutionary war

Front 67

behavioral geography

Back 67

branch of human geography that emphasizes the importance of understanding psychological basis for individual human actions

Front 68

humanistic geography

Back 68

a branch of human geography that emphasizes the different ways that individuals perceive their surrounding environment

Front 69

movement across space

Back 69

traditional roles and relationships affect how people move across space

things that affect this: gender, ethnicity

Front 70

poststructuralist geography

Back 70

emphasizes the need to understand multiple perspectives regarding space

Front 71

Connection

Back 71

refers to relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space

Front 72

hearth

Back 72

a place where innovation originates

Front 73

diffusion

Back 73

the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to anther over time

Front 74

relocation diffusion

Back 74

the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another

Front 75

expansion diffusion

Back 75

the spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process

Front 76

hierarchical diffusion

Back 76

spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places

Front 77

contagious diffusion

Back 77

the rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic through a population

Front 78

stimulus diffusion

Back 78

the spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse

Front 79

distance decay

Back 79

contact diminishes with increasing distance and eventually fades

Front 80

space-time compression

Back 80

reduction in time it takes for something to reach another place

Front 81

network

Back 81

a chain of communication that connects places

Front 82

uneven development

Back 82

the increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and periphery that results from the globalization of the economy

Front 83

resource

Back 83

substance in the environment that is useful to people economically and technologically feasible to access and socially acceptable to use

Front 84

renewable resource

Back 84

produced in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans

Front 85

nonrenewable resource

Back 85

produced in nature more slowly than it is consumed by humans

Front 86

sstainability

Back 86

the use of earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that ensure resource availability in the future

Front 87

Our Common Future, also known as the Bruntland Report

Back 87

from the UN it argues that sustainability can be achieved only by bringing together environmental protection, economic growth, and social equity

Front 88

conservation

Back 88

the sustainable use and management of earth's natural resources to meet human needs such as food, medicine, and rereation

Front 89

preservation

Back 89

the maintenance of resources in their present condition with as little human impact as possible

Front 90

the economy pillar

Back 90

natural resources acquire monetary value, depending on the supply and demand

Front 91

the environmental pillar

Back 91

conservation/preservation

Front 92

the society pillar

Back 92

consumer choices support sustainability when people embrace it as a value

Front 93

World Wildlife Fund

Back 93

argues that humans are currently already using the full amount of "biologically productive" land on Earth

Front 94

"biologically productive" land

Back 94

land required to produce the resources currently consumed and handle the wastes currently generated y the worlds 7 billion people at current levels of technology

Front 95

biotic system

Back 95

composed of living organisms

Front 96

abiotic

Back 96

nonliving or inorganic matter

Front 97

atmosphere

Back 97

thin layer of gases surrounding earth

Front 98

lithosphere

Back 98

earth's crust and a portion of upper mantle directly below the crust

Front 99

biosphere

Back 99

all living organisms on Earth

Front 100

climate

Back 100

long term average weather condition at a particular location

Front 101

ecosystem

Back 101

group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres with which they interact

Front 102

ecology

Back 102

the scientific study of ecosystems

Front 103

erosion

Back 103

occurs when soil washes away or blows away in wind

Front 104

depletion of nutrients

Back 104

when plants withdraw more nutrients than can be naturally replaced

Front 105

cultural ecology

Back 105

the geographic study of human-environment relationships

Front 106

environmental determinism

Back 106

theory by Alexander von Humboldt and Carl Ritter that te physical envronment caused social development

Front 107

Friedrich Ratzel and Ellen Churchill Semp

Back 107

theorized that geography was the study of influences of the natural environment on people

Front 108

Ellsworth Huntington

Back 108

argued climate was a major determinant of civilization

Front 109

possiblism

Back 109

the physical environment may limit some human actions but people have the ability to adjust to their environment

Front 110

polder

Back 110

a piece of land that is created by draining water from an area

Front 111

"God made Earth, but the Dutch made the Netherlands"

Back 111

modified their country with polders and dikes to create more land and keep it from being underwater

Front 112

Zuider Zee

Back 112

a dike constructed caused the zuider zee to become a freshwater lake

Front 113

Delta Plan

Back 113

called for construction of several dams to close off waterways

Front 114

"god made the world in six days and the army corps of engineers has been tinkering with it ever since"

Back 114

the army corps straightened a few miles of Kissimmee River causing some of the everglades to be lost