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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a map?
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a 2D or flat-scale model of the real world
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what is cartography?
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the science of making maps
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what were the earliest maps used for?
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as reference tools — simple navigation devices designed to show a traveler how to get from point A to point B
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what are contemporary maps used for?
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used by geographers primarily for displaying geographic info and for offering geographic explanation
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what is scale?
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the relationship between map unites and the actual distance on earth
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what is a written scale?
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where units are expressed using words, for example, "1 centimeter equals 1 kilometer"
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what is a graphic scale?
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a scale bar showing the distance represented on earth's surface
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what is the prime meridian?
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the 0 degree line in Greenwich, England
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what is the equator?
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the line of latitude halfway between the poles
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what is a parallel?
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a latitude line, because all latitude lines are parallel to the equator
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what parallel has the greatest circumference and is the baseline for measuring latitude?
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the equator
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what line of longitude does the International Date Line follow?
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the 180 degrees longitude line
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what is remote sensing?
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the acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from airplanes
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what does GPS stand for?
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global position system
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what does GIS stand for
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geographic information system
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what does mashup refer to
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the practice of overlaying data from one source on top of one of the mapping services
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what is a toponym
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a place name
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what is site?
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the physical characteristics of a place
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what are some important site characteristics?
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climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation
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what is situation?
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situation describes a place in terms of its location relative to other places
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what is a region?
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an area of earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics
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what is cultural landscape?
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the total sum of cultural, economic, and environmental forces combined to make distinctive landscapes across earth
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what is a formal region?
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a region with a predominant or universal characteristic, and commonly have well-defined boundaries
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what does a formal region share, feature-wise?
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cultural value such as a common language, or an environmental property such as climate. The selected characteristic is present throughout the region.
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what isa functional region
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an area of use or influence of some feature
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how is a functional region like in an area?
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it's strong and organized at it's node/focal point but decreases over distance (like a target)
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what is a vernacular region?
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a mental conception of a place as belonging to a common region for complex cultural reasons/a place people believe exists as part of their cultural identity
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what is a mental map?
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an internal representation of a portion of earth's surface; depicts what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in it and where it's located
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what is culture?
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a body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group
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what is globalization a result of?
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increasing connections between places and the rapid movement of goods and information around the world
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what is a transnational corporation?
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corporations that conduct research, operate factories, and sell products in many countries, not just where its headquarters and principle shareholders are located
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what is space?
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the physical gap or interval between two objects
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what is distribution?
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the arrangement of a feature in space
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what is density?
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the frequency with which something occurs in space
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what is concentration?
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the extent of a feature's spread over space
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if objects in an area are close together they are _____
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clustered
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if objects in an area are far apart they are ________
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dispersed
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what is pattern?
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the term pattern describes whether features are arranged along geometric or other predictable arrangements
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what does connection refer to?
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the relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space
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what does diffusion refer to?
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the spread of anything from a cultural trait, people, things, or ideas from one point of origin
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what is a hearth?
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a place from which an innovation originates
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what is relocation diffusion?
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the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another
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what is expansion diffusion?
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the spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process
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what is distance decay?
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when contact diminishes with increasing distance and eventually disappears
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what is space-time compression?
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the reduction in time it takes for something to reach another place
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what is a network?
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a chain of communication that connects places
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what are the core regions?
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North America, Europe, and Japan
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what are the periphery regions?
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Africa, Asia, and Latin America
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what is uneven development?
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the increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and periphery
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what is a resource?
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a substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and socially acceptable to use
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what is a renewable resource?
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a resource produced in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans
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what is a non renewable resource?
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a resource produced in nature more slowly than it is consumed by humans
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what is sustainability?
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the use of earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that ensure resource availability in the future
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what 3 pillars does sustainability rest on?
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environment, economy, and society
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what is conservation?
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the sustainable use and management of earth's natural resources to meet human needs such as food, medicine, and recreation
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what is preservation?
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the maintenance of resources in their present condition with as little human impact as possible. It does not regard nature as a resource for human use.
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what is a biotic system composed of?
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living organisms
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what is an abiotic system composed of?
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nonliving or inorganic matter
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what is the atmosphere?
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a thin layer of gases surrounding earth
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what is the hydrosphere?
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all the water on or near earth's surface
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what is the lithosphere?
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earth's crust and a portion of upper mantle directly above the crust
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what is the biosphere?
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all living organisms on earth, including plants and animals, as well as microorganisms
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what is an ecosystem?
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a group of living organism and abiotic spheres with which they interact
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what is ecology?
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the scientific study of ecosystems
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what is cultural ecology?
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the geographic study of human-enviromental relationships
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what does environmental determinism state?
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physical environment causes social interaction
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what is possibilism?
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the physical environment may limit some human actions, but humans have the ability to modify their environment
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what is a polder?
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a piece of land created by draining water from an area
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